UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the year ended December 31, 2022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission File Number: 333-249833

Crown Electrokinetics Corp.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		47-5423944
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1110 NE Circle Blvd Corvallis, OR		97330
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(800) 674-3612

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $0.0001 Per Share		The Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2022 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $11.3 million based upon a closing price of $0.91.

As of March 31, 2023, there were 43,686,623 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

CROWN ELECTROKINETICS CORP.

FORM 10-K

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022

INDEX

		Page
PART I

Item 1.	Business	2
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	13
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	35
Item 2.	Properties	35
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	36
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	36

PART II

Item 5.	Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	37
Item 6.	[Reserved]	37
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	37
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	47
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	47
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	47
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	47
Item 9B.	Other Information	48
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	48

PART III

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	49
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	51
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	52
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	53
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	53

PART IV

Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	54
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	55
	Signatures	56
	Index to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-1

PART I

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, “we,” “our,” “us,” “Crown Electrokinetics,” “Crown” and “the Company” refer to Crown Electrokinetics Corporation, unless the context requires otherwise.

Forward-Looking and Cautionary Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us, contain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of our business, future plans and strategies, and other future conditions. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “envision,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “contemplate” and other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements we make regarding:

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future financial position;

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business strategy;

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budgets, projected costs and plans;

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future industry growth;

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financing sources;

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the impact of litigation, government inquiries and investigations; and

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all other statements regarding our intent, plans, beliefs or expectations or those of our directors or officers.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements.

The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K represent our views as of the date of this Report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

Market and Industry Data

Some of the market and industry data contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based on independent industry publications or other publicly available information. Although we believe that these independent sources are reliable, we have not independently verified and cannot assure you as to the accuracy or completeness of this information. As a result, you should be aware that the market and industry data contained herein, and our beliefs and estimates based on such data, may not be reliable.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

Overview

Crown Electrokinetics Corp. (“Crown” or the “Company”) develops and sells optical switching film that can be embedded between sheets of glass or applied to the surface of glass, or other rigid substrates such as acrylic, to electronically control opacity (“DynamicTint™”). Originally developed by Hewlett-Packard (“HP”), our technology allows a transition between clear and dark in seconds and can be applied to a wide array of windows, including commercial buildings, automotive sunroofs, and residential skylights and windows. At the core of Crown’s proprietary and patent-protected technology is a thin film that is powered by electrically charged pigment which not only replaces common window tints but is also a more sustainable alternative to traditional window treatments. Crown partners with leading glass and film manufacturers for mass production and distribution of DynamicTint.

Electrokinetic Film Technology

Crown’s electrokinetic (EK) technology was derived from proprietary ink and microfluidic technology developed at HP. Electrokinetic refers to the movement of particles within a fluid under the influence of an electric field. Our EK film technology utilizes nanometer-sized pigment particles that are electrically charged and suspended in a liquid that is sandwiched between two clear substrates that are coated with a transparent conductor oxide (TCO) film. Figure 1. In a non-energized state, the suspended pigment particles are distributed uniformly between the plastic films, and will absorb, transmit, or reflect light depending on the properties of the suspended pigment (dark state). When the proper electrical signal is applied to the conductive TCO layers, an electrical field is created and the charged pigment particles collect in micro-embossed holes in a layer of polymer resin covering the transparent conductor surface. As the charged pigment particles are collected, the fluid becomes highly transparent (clear state). By applying a different electrical signal, the pigment can be dispersed back into the fluid to achieve the desired color density or opaqueness.

CLEAR STATE

DARK STATE

Figure 1. Schematic cross-section of electrokinetic film in clear and dark states.

Highlights

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Clear Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Substrates - Same material as window tinting films.

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Transparent Conductor on PET - Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) - same as most touch screens.

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Electronic Ink - Nanoparticles suspended in a fluid which absorb light.

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Energy Source - Nanoparticles are controlled through DC low voltage applied to the ITO conductor material which is powered by a lithium ion battery that is charged with a solar cell strip, no hard-wiring necessary.

Our plastic films are manufactured using industry standard roll-to-roll (R2R) processing equipment. The Company believes its R2R processing will have an inherently lower manufacturing cost compared to sheet-based processing methods used for other smart window technologies like electrochromic glass. There are three basic steps to making our film using R2R equipment.

Deposition: R2R TCO deposition on clear polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic film using vacuum sputtering of indium-tin oxide (ITO). The ITO on PET film can be provided by a number of suppliers. Millions of square feet of ITO on PET are currently provided for nearly all capacitance-based display touch screens.

Embossing: R2R embossing of UV-curable resin in a proprietary and patent protected 3-D pattern for ink pigment control and containment on one of the two plastic films. An example of the embossed pattern is shown in Figure 2. The R2R embossing process can be completed by various plastic film companies. Crown has the capability to accomplish the coating and embossing steps within its current facility in addition to working with manufacturing partners.

Figure 2. Microscopic Optical Image of Embossed Film

Lamination: The final R2R process laminates the two layers of PET together with the proprietary and patent protected pigment-containing fluid contained by the wall structure shown by the white areas in Figure 2. The wall area has adhesion to the upper layer of PET with ITO film thereby sealing the fluid between the two plastic layers. The fluid contains nanometer-sized pigment particles that are charged electrically and suspended in the fluid.

We believe that DynamicTint^TMhas the following distinct advantages over existing optical electronic film technologies:

	●	Neutral Color - Pigment is designed to be color neutral and will not affect the hue of what is viewed through the window in any clear, dark or tinted state.

	●	Speed - Transition time is typically a few seconds.

	●	Affordability - Roll-to-Roll film manufacturing using relatively inexpensive materials.

	●	Low Energy Requirements - Film is low voltage and can be powered with a small battery charged by a solar cell strip or wired to an existing electrical infrastructure including a LAN line.

	●	Retro-Fit - Film can be applied to a sheet of acrylic or thin glass, called a Smart Window Insert (“Inserts”), and placed within an existing window frame, eliminating the need to replace single pane windows with dual pane windows.

	●	Sustainable - Reduces energy used to heat or cool a room via HVAC systems and can use renewable energy to transition the film.

Smart Window Insert

Crown’s first product will be the Smart Window Insert powered by DynamicTint^TM which is specifically designed for retrofitting in the domestic and international commercial real estate install base. Our DynamicTint^TM can be laminated to other surfaces like heat-treated glass or acrylic and the laminated sheet can be assembled in Smart Window Inserts that can be placed into the interior side of the window frame providing the dynamic tinting capability as well as additional insulation and sound proofing to the existing windows (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Window Insert with EK Film

The Insert is a custom-sized panel comprised of a rigid substrate (acrylic or thin glass) with a silicon compliant edge seal that allows for the insert to securely fit into the interior side of the window frame.

Some of the Insert’s features include:

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Solar-powered - eliminating the need to hardwire it into the building’s electrical system

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Wirelessly enabled - facilitating communication with all the other installed inserts and integration with the building’s management software system

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Sensor equipped - enabling the Insert to auto-sense the intensity of exterior light and interior ambient light

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Software enabled - can be managed via programmed macros, dynamically managed by the building, or user-controlled within an office

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Data collection - allowing optimization of the Inserts/curtain wall energy performance

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Lease vs Purchase - Creative and flexible financing allows for customers to lease Inserts on a long-term basis and avoid large capital expenditures

We believe Crown’s Smart Window Inserts can be easily installed into commercial buildings, skylights, residential windows, and windows within garage doors. In commercial buildings, our Smart Window Inserts can be used to convert existing single pane windows into dual pane windows. Crown believes that there is a significant opportunity to provide Smart Window Inserts to commercial building owners who are looking to eliminate window blinds, gain energy efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions.

Sustainability

Crown is aware that working towards building a sustainable future is a common goal shared by many. Companies such as Walmart, Amazon and Apple are now publishing their sustainability pledges, and we are seeing a trend of pledging to make their workplaces more environmentally friendly.

Crown’s patented technology provides a solution that helps address many sustainability issues such as:

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Reducing waste - as opposed to replacing single pane window units with newly manufactured dual pane windows, Crown allows building owners to install our retrofit DynamicTint Insert into existing single pane window frames thereby creating a dual pane window;

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Reducing energy - Crown’s Insert reduces HVAC energy consumption by reducing the need for constantly cooling and heating a room, reducing the customers carbon emissions. Initial field testing suggests HVAC energy savings of up to 26% could potentially result from the installation of Smart Window Inserts. According to FacilitiesNet (https://www.facilitiesnet.com/windowsexteriorwalls/article/Smart-Window-Benefit-Energy-Savings-Reduced-Glare--17280), the ability to control the amount of heat entering a building reduces the heat load of the building which in turn reduces your HVAC usage.;

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Using renewable energy - Crown’s DynamicTint Insert is low voltage and low wattage and can be powered by a solar strip that captures the sun’s energy and is integrated into the Insert itself thereby eliminating the need to hardwire the Insert to the home or building’s electrical system.

Another benefit of DynamicTint is being able to optimize daylight usage, thereby reducing the usage of lights. A study done by Project Drawdown (https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/dynamic-glass) projected that if 30-50% of commercial building spaces install dynamic glass, the potential climate-weighted energy efficiency from cooling is estimated at 9% and lighting at 9%-depending on local climate, building location and window orientation. This can result in 0.3-0.5 gigatons of emissions reductions from decreased energy use.

At Crown, we are committed to building a product that can be self-sufficient and does not require an additional power source or hard wiring into the electrical system of a residential home or commercial building. This ensures that as we reduce a building’s energy consumption, we are not adding to it and are working towards being carbon neutral.

Intellectual Property

On January 31, 2016, we entered into an IP agreement with HP to acquire a research license to determine the feasibility of incorporating HP’s electrokinetic display technology in our products. On February 4, 2021, Crown and HP entered into a fourth amendment to the agreement. Pursuant to such amendment, among other items, the parties agreed to amend the list of patent and patent applications, which includes two additional patents (the “HP Patents”) that are assignable to the Company by HP upon the exercise of the Company’s option to acquire the HP Patents (the “Option”). In connection with the Company’s exercise of the Option, the Company paid HP an aggregate amount equal to One Million Five Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($1,550,000) on February 9, 2021. From the date of the exercise of the Option until January 1, 2030, the Company agreed to pay to HP a royalty fee based on the cumulative gross revenue received by the Company from the HP Patents as follows:

Time Window	Lifetime Cumulative Gross Revenue		Royalty Rate

Prior to December 31, 2029		Less than $70,000,000		0.00	%
	$	70,000,000 - $500,000,000		1.25	%
	$	500,000,000 and beyond		1.00	%

January 1, 2030 onward				0.00	%

The Company entered into a Patent Assignment Agreement with International Business Machines Corporation (“IBM”) to acquire an ownership interest in assigned patents. As consideration for the patents, the Company paid $264,000 (including legal fees of approximately $38,000) during the nine months ended December 31, 2021.

In addition, the Company has current patent applications in the United States and other countries that if granted, would add three additional patents to its portfolio. The Company’s United States patents expire at various dates from March 26, 2028 through March 10, 2036

A 2022 appraisal of Crown’s intellectual property by one of the preeminent third-party IP-valuation firms indicated a total valuation of approximately $94 mm, consisting of $35 mm relating to patents (limited to the US office building market, supplying its Smart Window Insert) and $59 mm for trade secrets.

The Company believes that its EK technology is adequately protected by its patent position and by its proprietary technological know-how. However, the validity of the Company’s patents has never been contested in any litigation. The Company also possesses know-how and relies on trade secrets and nondisclosure agreements to protect its technology. The Company requires any employee, consultant, or licensee having access to its confidential information to execute an agreement whereby such person agrees to keep such information confidential.

Crown-Owned Patents

Country	Filing Date	Publication No.	Title
USA	28-Jan-19	11174328	REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHED RESIN FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAYS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
China	28-Jan-19	CN111918894A	REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHED RESIN FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAYS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
Europe	28-Jan-19	3752867	REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHED RESIN FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAYS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
Japan	28-Jan-19	JP 2021514422A	REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHED RESIN FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAYS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
Korea	28-Jan-19	KR 20200122333A	REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHED RESIN FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAYS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
WO	28-Jan-19	WO 2019/160675	REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHED RESIN FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAYS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
USA	16-Feb-18		REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHED RESIN FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAYS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
USA	13-Jan-20	2020-0225552	APPLICATIONS OF AN ELECTROKINETIC DEVICE FOR AN IMAGING SYSTEM
WO	13-Jan-20	WO2020/150166	APPLICATIONS OF AN ELECTROKINETIC DEVICE FOR AN IMAGING SYSTEM
USA	16-Jan-19		APPLICATIONS OF AN ELECTROKINETIC DEVICE FOR AN IMAGING SYSTEM
EPO	23-Jun-21		APPLICATIONS OF AN ELECTROKINETIC DEVICE FOR AN IMAGING SYSTEM
CN	8-Jul-21		APPLICATIONS OF AN ELECTROKINETIC DEVICE FOR AN IMAGING SYSTEM
Korea	5-Jul-21		APPLICATIONS OF AN ELECTROKINETIC DEVICE FOR AN IMAGING SYSTEM
JP	15-Jul-21		APPLICATIONS OF AN ELECTROKINETIC DEVICE FOR AN IMAGING SYSTEM
USA	7-Jul-16	10377909	INKS INCLUDING SEGMENT COPOLYMER GRAFTED PIGMENTS VIA AZIDE CHEMISTRY
USA	22-Nov-10	8179590	ELECTRO-OPTICAL DISPLAY
USA	29-Jul-10	8054535	ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAY DEVICE

USA	23-Aug-17	10852615 *	TWO PARTICLE ELECTROPHORETIC LAMINATE FOR USE WITH SMART WINDOWS WITH REDUCED DIFFRACTION
EPO	2-Dec-15	3256903 *	TWO PARTICLE ELECTROPHORETIC LAMINATE FOR USE WITH SMART WINDOWS
EPO	2-Dec-15	3250962 *	TWO PARTICLE ELECTROPHORETIC LAMINATE FOR USE WITH SMART WINDOWS WITH REDUCED DIFFRACTION
USA	23-Aug-17	10656493 *	TWO PARTICLE ELECTROPHORETIC LAMINATE FOR USE WITH SMART WINDOWS
USA	30-Nov-20	2021-0108463 *	TWO PARTICLE ELECTROPHORETIC LAMINATE FOR USE WITH SMART WINDOWS WITH REDUCED DIFFRACTION
WO	2-Dec-15	WO2016/089957 *	TWO PARTICLE ELECTROPHORETIC LAMINATE FOR USE WITH SMART WINDOWS
WO	2-Dec-15	WO2016/089974 *	TWO PARTICLE ELECTROPHORETIC LAMINATE FOR USE WITH SMART WINDOWS WITH REDUCED DIFFRACTION
USA	18-Dec-14	9567995	WINDOW OPACITY ATTENUATION USING MICROFLUIDIC CHANNELS
USA	18-Aug-15	9816501	WINDOW OPACITY ATTENUATION USING MICROFLUIDIC CHANNELS
USA	9-Mar-18	10926859	SMART WINDOW ACTIVATION TO PREVENT LASER DISTURBANCE
USA	10-May-18	10935818	EVENT-BASED, AUTOMATED CONTROL OF VISUAL LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH VEHICLE WINDOW
USA	26-Oct-16	10106018	AUTOMATED WINDSHIELD GLARE ELIMINATION ASSISTANT
USA	2-Sep-16	10144275	ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN VEHICLES
GB	2-May-19	2586760	EVENT-BASED, AUTOMATED CONTROL OF VISUAL LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH VEHICLE WINDOW
CN	2-May-19	CN111936331A	EVENT-BASED, AUTOMATED CONTROL OF VISUAL LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH VEHICLE WINDOW
DE	2-May-19	112019000749	EVENT-BASED, AUTOMATED CONTROL OF VISUAL LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH VEHICLE WINDOW
JP	2-May-19		EVENT-BASED, AUTOMATED CONTROL OF VISUAL LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH VEHICLE WINDOW
PCT	2-May-19	WO2019/215544 **	EVENT-BASED, AUTOMATED CONTROL OF VISUAL LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH VEHICLE WINDOW
USA	11-Oct-21	11578150	REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHED RESIN FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAYS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
USA	24-Feb-22		WINDOW SYSTEM AND METHOD UTILIZING A WINDOW PANE ASSEMBLY AND LOCKING SYSTEM FOR EASY INSERTION OF A WINDOW PANE ASSEMBLY WITH ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLABLE SCALABLE APERTURES FOR ATTENUATING OR OTHERWISE MODULATING LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH SAID ASSEMBLY
USA	24-Feb-22		WINDOW SYSTEM AND METHOD UTILIZING A WINDOW PANE ASSEMBLY AND LOCKING SYSTEM FOR EASY INSERTION OF A WINDOW PANE ASSEMBLY WITH ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLABLE SCALABLE APERTURES FOR ATTENUATING OR OTHERWISE MODULATING LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH SAID ASSEMBLY
USA	29-Mar-22		SELF-ALIGNING MASTER AREA MULTIPLICATION FOR CONTINUOUS EMBOSSING
USA	11-Sep-22		APPLICATIONS OF AN ELECTROKINETIC DEVICE FOR AN IMAGING SYSTEM
USA	22-Jul-14		INKS INCLUDING SEGMENT COPOLYMER GRAFTED PIGMENTS VIA AZIDE CHEMISTRY (recently assigned to Crown)
USA	10-Feb-23		REFRACTIVE INDEX MATCHED RESIN FOR ELECTROPHORETIC DISPLAYS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS
PCT	23-Feb-23		WINDOW SYSTEM AND METHOD UTILIZING A WINDOW PANE ASSEMBLY AND LOCKING SYSTEM FOR EASY INSERTION OF A WINDOW PANE ASSEMBLY WITH ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLABLE SCALABLE APERTURES FOR ATTENUATING OR OTHERWISE MODULATING LIGHT TRANSMISSION THROUGH SAID ASSEMBLY

*	Co-owned with University of Cincinnati
**	Inactive

In-Licensed Patents

Patent No.	Country	Patent Date	Status	Title
8,183,757	USA	May 22, 2012	Issued	DISPLAY ELEMENT
8,184,357	USA	May 22, 2012	Issued	DISPLAY ELEMENT
8,331,014	USA	December 11, 2012	Issued	PIGMENT-BASED INKS
8,384,659	USA	February 26, 2013	Issued	DISPLAY ELEMENT INCLUDING ELECTRODES AND A FLUID WITH COLORANT PARTICLES
8,432,598	USA	April 30, 2013	Issued	TRANSPARENT CONDUCTOR STRUCTURE
8,896,906	USA	November 25, 2014	Issued	INKS INCLUDING BLOCK COPOLYMER GRAFTED PIGMENTS VIA AZIDE CHEMISTRY
8,018,642	USA	September 13, 2011	Issued	ELECTRO-OPTICAL DISPLAY

Business Model

We intend to manufacture our patented EK Technology under the name DynamicTint™. We intend to generate revenue by selling our Smart Window Inserts powered by DynamicTint™ to our customers.

Crown’s first product will be the Smart Window Insert powered by DynamicTint™ for retrofitting in commercial buildings. Crown’s Smart Window Inserts will allow the building owner to quickly convert a single pane window unit to a dual pane window unit. Crown’s inserts will act as the “second pane” and will allow the building owner to enjoy all the benefits of a dual pane window without having to replace their existing single pane windows.

Crowns’ customers will be able to buy and own their Smart Window Inserts but also, at some stage, have the option to enter long-term leases of the Inserts with Crown.

Additional applications we are exploring with potential customers of Crown’s DynamicTint include:

	●	Smart Window Inserts for retrofitting of commercial buildings in markets outside the United States.

	●	Smart window Inserts for retrofitting of multi-family buildings.

	●	Residential homes: residential windows, garage door windows, windows contained in and surrounding residential front doors as well as residential skylights.

	●	Automotive: sunroofs.

As Crown’s DynamicTint technology requires very little energy to effect that transition from clear to dark state, a rechargeable battery coupled with a built-in solar cell eliminates the need to hardwire the inserts to the building electrical system. Crown believes that the potential retrofit market for its DynamicTint Building Inserts is significantly large. Each unit will have wireless communication capability for control of the film and communication with the building HVAC system.

Crown has also developed a working prototype of an insert for the residential skylight, which allows a homeowner to control the amount of light entering the room. Crown’s DynamicTint Insert does not require the homeowner to replace their skylight as it conveniently fits into the existing frame. Crown’s skylight insert will allow a homeowner (through a Bluetooth connection or RF controller) to adjust the level of desired tint easily and quickly, thereby controlling the amount of light and heat entering the room. The DynamicTint Skylight Insert will be powered by a rechargeable lithium battery and built-in solar cell thereby eliminating the need to wire the insert to the home’s electrical system.

Partners and Customers

On March 25, 2022, Crown executed a Master Supply Agreement (the “BDN MSA”) with Brandywine Operating Partnerships L.P. to install its Smart Window Inserts powered by DynamicTintTM in Brandywine office buildings. The BDN MSA provides the master terms and conditions under which purchase orders will be executed for Crown to supply units to retrofit windows at certain locations.

On December 27, 2021, Crown executed a Master Supply Agreement (the “HPP MSA”) with Hudson Pacific Properties L.P. for the installation of Crown’s energy saving Smart Window Inserts in several office properties across its West Coast portfolio. The HPP MSA provides the master terms and conditions under which purchase orders will be executed for Crown to supply units to retrofit windows at certain locations.

Prior to this, on September 27, 2021, Crown had entered into a Master Supply Agreement with MetroSpaces Inc., Crown’s first commercial customer, install its Smart Window Inserts in MetroSpaces’ 70,000 square-foot Houston, Texas office building.

In the future, Crown and its customers may enter into multiple specific transactions by executing purchase orders for additional buildings.

Additionally, discussions with multiple other building owners to buy Crown Smart Window Inserts are progressing as the regulatory and consumer pressure to reduce the level of energy consumption and carbon emissions continues to build.

Purchase Orders

On August 12, 2022, the Company entered into two Purchase Orders (PO’s) with Hudson Pacific Properties, L.P. (“Hudson”) for the purchase of the Company’s Smart Window Inserts™ (“Inserts”). Hudson is a unique provider of end-to-end real estate solutions for tech and media tenants. The PO’s have a value of $85,450 and represent the first orders the Company has received prior to the launch of its Inserts. Delivery and installation are expected to begin in Q2 2023.

On August 12, 2022, as additional consideration for the PO’s, the Company issued a warrant to Hudson to purchase 300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at $0.75 per share. The warrant has a five year life and expires on August 12, 2027.

Manufacturing

Crown is developing its manufacturing capabilities to meet anticipated demand for the Smart Window Insert at both its Oregon facilities located in Corvallis for film production, and Salem for Smart Window Insert manufacturing.

Crown plans to produce its EK film at its facilities in Corvallis using its existing roll to roll (the “R2R”) embossing equipment. The Company intends to perform all other film manufacturing processes at its Corvallis facility upon receipt of additional manufacturing equipment currently ordered and awaiting delivery.

Crown’s Smart Window Inserts will be produced at the Company’s Salem facility, where EK film will be laminated to glass, and then assembled into a frame. The inserts electronic components will also be integrated into the insert and the final assembled inserts will be packaged for shipment from Salem to our customers’ buildings.

The completion of Crown’s facilities in Corvallis and Salem marks the company’s transition to being completely self-sufficient in manufacturing its products, eliminating any dependency on contract manufacturers or partners.

Commercial Office Building Market

Commercial buildings have gotten larger in the United States as their floorspace continues to grow faster than the number of commercial buildings, according to preliminary results from the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). CBECS estimates that 5.9 million U.S. commercial buildings contained a total of 97 billion square feet as of 2018. The number of commercial buildings increased by 6%, and commercial square footage increased by 11% since the CBECS was last conducted in 2012.

Smart Glass Industry Trends

We believe there are favorable converging global trends in the major near-term markets for “smart glass” products. Key factors driving the growth of the smart glass market are the growing demand for smart glass for energy savings for existing commercial and residential buildings. Added to this trend are government mandates and legislation for energy-efficient construction of both commercial and residential buildings. There is a growing opportunity for smart windows in the transportation industry including automobiles, commercial trucks, buses, and passenger rail cars.

In both public and private sectors across the world, there are substantial efforts targeted toward the promotion and use of energy efficient smart glass materials, including those used in automobiles, windows and other architectural glazings.

In September 2020, Markets and Markets issued Smart Glass Market with COVID-19 Impact by Technology (Suspended Particle Display, Electrochromic, Liquid Crystal), Application (Architecture, Transportation, Consumer Electronics), and Geography - Global Forecast to 2025. The smart glass market size is expected to grow from USD 3.8 billion in 2020 to USD 6.8 billion by 2025, at a CAGR of 12.1% during the forecast period. The growth of the smart glass industry is driven by factors, such as the growing adoption of smart glass in automotive application and, declining prices for electrochromic material. Other major driving factors for smart glass adoption include supportive government mandates and legislation on energy efficiency. Governing bodies of various countries are increasingly encouraging the use of these energy-efficient products.

Smart glass has inherent energy-saving and auto-dimming properties, which reduce its maintenance cost. As a result, the perceived benefits of these glass products are more than the incurred investments.

Crown believes that the smart glass industry is in the initial phase of growth and that DynamicTint^TM may have commercial applicability in many products where variable light-control is desired.

Our Technology

DynamicTint^TMcombines many of the favorable properties of the other smart window technologies. It has fast-switching time and unlike electrochromic (EC) technology, modulation in light level is not area dependent and the film is neutral in color in all settings. Unlike Suspended Particles Devices (SPD) and Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) technology, EK film does not need high voltage alternating current to power the film. Because of the low power requirements, EK films can be powered with batteries or combined with small area solar cells, allowing retrofit to existing windows. Furthermore, in the future EK film could be made with other colorants and it is possible with modification to the design to use two colorants in the same film, which has been demonstrated in the recent past under a research project at the University of Cincinnati. Below is a table outlining some of the typical properties of each technology.

Other Smart Glass Technologies

Variable light transmission technologies can be classified into two basic types: “active” technologies that can be controlled electrically by the user either automatically or manually, and “passive” technologies that can only react to ambient environmental conditions such as changes in lighting or temperature. Most of the technologies are “active”. One type that is passive is thermochromic technology where a rise in temperature will darken the film applied to glass.

The Company believes that our DynamicTint has certain performance advantages over other “smart glass” technologies and that pricing and product performance are the two main factors critical to the adoption of smart glass products. Because the non-EK smart glass technologies listed below do not have published, consistent pricing or cost data that can be relied upon, the Company cannot accurately report its price position relative to these other technologies. In terms of product performance, the Company believes that DynamicTint offers numerous advantages over other smart glass technologies as discussed below.

Technology

Can Retrofit

Power Usage

Can Tint to Black

Solar or
Battery Powered

Tint
Transition Speed

Light Transmission

DynamicTintTM (Electrokinetic)

✓

<0.01 W/M2

✓

approx. 2 sec

3.0% - 70% or 0.4 %-50%

Electrochromic (EC)

0.3 - 2 W/M2
(30X EK)

5-40 min

<1% - 58%

Suspended Polymers in Particles (SPD) ¹

1.1 W/M2 at 100V/50hz
(110X EK)

<3 sec

0.8% - 55%

Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC)

5 - 20 W/M2
(500X EK)

1 - 3 sec

~80%

Ref. 1: SPD Film - LCF-1103DHA90 Showa Denko Material Co.

Electrochromic Glass

Electrochromic (EC) glass technology has been used as a light absorbing technology for rear view mirrors in automobiles for decades, and more recently for large-scale windows. However, the EC technology developed for windows is based on a different set of materials that are directly deposited on the heat-treated glass panels. All the current EC companies are using tungsten oxide as the main component involved in the color transition from clear to blue. Because of the nature of the chemical transition of the tungsten oxide, the EC film does not absorb as much of the blue light and so remaining light will have a strong blue hue both in the room and looking through the window. The speed of the switching time from dark to light or the reverse change is directly related to the size of the window area and the electrode design which brings electrical current to the EC material to start the chemical transition. EC technology is basically a battery-like material that requires “charging and discharging”. The time to charge/discharge the EC material in a large window can take up to 40 minutes to change form the dark state to the clear state at nominal temperatures. Also, during switching of the EC film, there can be non-uniform areas which can vary in level of tint from center to edge. The larger the area of the window, the more non-uniform during the change of state. Longer switching time can minimize the non-uniform areas. The EC materials are typically vacuum deposited directly on “defect-free” glass. The typical investment required for a large window electrochromic factory can run into the hundreds of millions of dollars, due to the large-scale vacuum equipment required, low particulate cleanroom required, and the relatively slow speed of deposition for all the various layers. Halio, formerly Kinestral Technologies, is using a chemical liquid deposition technique to replace some of the vacuum deposition steps to lower the capital investment needed for manufacturing.

Suspended Particle Glass (SPD)

SPD is a film that has suspended long and narrow particles in an encapsulated liquid polymer film with layers of ITO on either side to allow generation of an alternating current electrical field to twist the particles from a random state to a near vertical state perpendicular to the ITO plane. In the vertical state light passes through the film and in the random state the light is absorbed by the particles. The color of the film is blue since the particles used in the film do not absorb blue light as well as other colors of sunlight. No other types of particles have been created for this type of device. The film responds quickly to the electrical field, however, requires constant high AC voltage to hold the clear state. The film is manufactured on plastic and uses roll-to-roll (R2R) equipment processing. Also, because the particles are aligned when in the clear state, the film has a limited viewing angle much like older liquid-crystal displays. When viewed at a side angle, the film will appear darker. The current market for SPD has been mainly automobile sunroofs where the viewing angle of the passengers is relatively fixed at nearly perpendicular angle to the SPD film.

Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) Film

PDLC requires an AC electric field like the SPD film described above to achieve a clear state. However, the liquid-crystal based film can only scatter light in the power-off state, therefore, most of the incoming light is transmitted through the film (~80%). Typically, the PDLC film is used for interior windows or doors to create privacy. PDLC has similar manufacturing methods using R2R equipment and plastic film with ITO conductor to the SPD film. The film is available from many Far East manufacturing companies with some able to make ~150 cm width film. The quality of the film can vary based on the manufacturing company. The film was invented at Kent State University in the 1980’s and the patents have expired.

Competition

Several smart glass competitors have an operating history, including:

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SAGE Electrochromic, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Saint-Gobain, which develops and manufactures electrochromic glass;

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View Glass [NASDAQ: VIEW] and Halio, formerly Kinestral Technologies, manufacture electrochromic glass at their purpose-built manufacturing facilities and both are headquartered in California; and

●

Research Frontiers, Inc. [NASDAQ: REFR] licenses an electronically controlled tinted film, utilizing SPD technology, to various companies.

Crown Electrokinetics expects that other competitors will emerge in the future.

Research and Development

Crown has been using a 6” width R2R equipment capable of handling the deposition, embossing and lamination steps of the manufacturing process for its research and development for the past three years. Crown will have its proto-manufacturing roll-to-roll equipment at 12” width available in 2022. Production prototypes for qualification and system testing will be sourced from the 12” equipment in 2022. Crown will utilize the 12” width film for the first generation Smart Window Insert. Larger scale manufacturing is planned at a minimum of 36” width film to address markets including appropriately sized commercial building window inserts, larger format skylights inserts, and many automobile sunroofs. Thereafter, Crown will develop capability to manufacture DynamicTint film of at least 72” width capability. This will allow Crown to address the vast majority of window sizes for most applications.

As a result of the Company’s research and development efforts, the Company believes that its EK technology is now, or with additional development will become, usable in a number of commercial products. Such products may include one or more of the following fields: “smart” windows, doors, skylights and partitions; self-dimmable automotive sunroofs, windows, sun visors, and mirrors.

The Company has devoted most of its financial resources to research and development activities with the goal of producing commercially viable EK products and has developed working samples of its EK technology.

Crown’s main goals in its research and development include:

●

developing wider ranges of light transmission,

●

reducing the voltage required to operate DynamicTint,

●

obtaining data and developing improved materials regarding environmental stability and longevity, and

●

quantifying the degree of energy savings expected by users of the Company’s technology.

Employees

The Company has sixteen full-time employees and one advisor. Thirteen of the employees are technical personnel with one active technical consultant, and the rest perform business development, legal, finance, marketing, investor relations, and administrative functions. Crowns employees have extensive industrial experience in leading technology, EV, glass, and ink-based manufacturing companies. The success of the Company is dependent upon, among other things, the services of its senior management, the loss of which could have a material adverse effect upon the prospects of the Company. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

As Crown continues to grow, we will add additional manufacturing engineering, marketing, and administrative personnel.

Our Corporate Information

Crown’s primary business location is the R&D and Manufacturing facility located at 1110 NE Circle Blvd, Corvallis, OR 97330. Crown also has an office located at 11601 Wilshire Blvd Suite 2240 Los Angeles, CA. Our telephone number is +1 (800) 674-3612 and our Internet website address is www.crownek.com. Crown was incorporated in the State of Delaware on April 20, 2015.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider each of the following risks, together with all other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations”, before making a decision to purchase, hold or sell our common stock. The occurrence of any of the following risks could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or growth prospects or cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements we have made in this report and those we may make from time to time. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects would likely be materially and adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock would likely decline and you may lose all or part of your investments. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations.

Risk Factors Summary

Risks Related to Our Business

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We may require additional funding to sustain our ongoing operations and to continue our research and development activities.

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We have a history of operating losses.

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We may not generate sufficient cash flows to cover our operating expenses.

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We have never declared a cash dividend and do not intend to declare a cash dividend in the foreseeable future.

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We do not directly manufacture products using Electrokinetic technology. We currently rely upon the activities of our partners and their customers in order to be profitable.

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Electrokinetic products face intense competition, which could affect our ability to increase our revenues.

SEC Form 10-K filed by Crown Electrokinetics Corp.