UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________________ to __________________

Commission File Number 001-40615

QUANTUM COMPUTING INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware		82-4533053
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S Employer Identification No.)

5 Marine View Plaza, Suite 214, Hoboken, NJ		07030
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (703) 436-2121

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.0001		QUBT		The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒.

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2023 was $46,073,808 based on the closing price of $1.18 per share of Quantum Computing, Inc. common stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC on that date.

As of March 28, 2024, there were 91,357,640 shares of the registrant’s common stock issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	PART I	1

ITEM 1.	BUSINESS.	1

ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS.	10

ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.	27

ITEM 1C.	CYBERSECURITY.	27

ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES.	28

ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.	28

ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.	29

	PART II	30

ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.	30

ITEM 6.	[RESERVED]	30

ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.	30

ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.	35

ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.	35

ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.	35

ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.	35

ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION.	37

ITEM 9C	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.	37

	PART III	38

ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.	38

ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.	42

ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.	45

ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.	46

ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	47

	PART IV	48

ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.	48

Introductory Comments

Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” “our Company,” “QCi” and “QUBT,” refer to Quantum Computing Inc., a Delaware corporation, and unless the context indicates otherwise, also includes our wholly-owned subsidiaries.

PART I

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In some cases, forward-looking statements are identified by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “projects,” “predicts,” “potential” and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as otherwise required by law, we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to reflect any change in our expectations or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any of our forward-looking statements are based. Factors that could cause or contribute to differences in our future financial and other results include those discussed in the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

The Computing Landscape and The End of Moore’s Law

For the past 45 years or so, silicon-based processor manufacturers have been able to double their processing power every 18 to 24 months, a phenomenon known in the computer industry as “Moore’s Law.” Recently, the computer processor industry has found it increasingly difficult to offer faster, more powerful processors due to fundamental physical effects limiting further size reduction of transistors.

Additionally, conventional computers are known to struggle with optimization problems known as NP-complete problems, which are a class of mathematical problems that can, in principle, be solved by conventional computers, with that caveat that the time to solution will grow exponentially with the size of the problem. These NP-complete problems require complex calculations that cannot currently be performed within any reasonable amount of time using conventional computer systems for problem sizes relevant to many industrial and government applications. Published academic research indicates that quantum computers may be ideally suited to solve optimization problems of this type.

Some computer science experts believe that quantum computing will be a potential solution to the hard limits now being approached by conventional computers that utilize silicon-based processors. While the date of practical relevance of quantum computers is hard to determine, we believe that quantum availability has already begun and that quantum computers with gradually increasing performance will be introduced by multiple vendors over the course of the next decade.

The Company

Quantum Computing Inc. (“QCi” or the “Company”) is an American company utilizing non-linear quantum optics (optical devices whose output due to quantum effects is exponentially, not linearly, related to inputs) to deliver quantum products for high-performance computing applications. QCi’s products are designed to operate at room temperature and use low power. Our core technology enables the execution of a go-to-market strategy that emphasizes accessibility and affordability as the key selling points.

QCi was founded in 2018 and our initial business was developing platform agnostic enterprise software for quantum computing systems. In June 2022, QCi acquired its wholly-owned subsidiary QPhoton, Inc. (subsequently renamed QPhoton, LLC) (“QPhoton”), a photonics hardware company (the “QPhoton Merger”). That merger enables QCi to now offer high-performance quantum systems integrated with the Company’s software platform, Qatalyst, that existed before the QPhoton Merger.

QCi’s core technology is Entropy Quantum Computing (“EQC”). EQC is a patent pending methodology that utilizes the environment to drive controlled energy loss in a photonic architecture. Using quantum measurements of single photons as a source of feedback, the energy loss of the system is driven to a “ground state solution” where additional computational iterations no longer change the output. The ground state solution is the optimized result (the answer to the problem posed). This methodology allows for very low power consumption and room temperature operation. Also, due to the nature of the measurement and feedback process, EQC drives non-linear quantum interactions for “dense, fully connected” problem solving. We anticipate that our core technologies will enable us to develop and produce multiple generations of quantum machines with increasing computational power, capacity, and speed, as well as the eventual hardware miniaturization to produce optical integrated circuits to replace the discrete components currently used. We expect these systems to deliver performance advantages over classical computational machines with the long-term goal of solving complex problems more effectively and efficiently with greater scalability, lower power consumption, and lower cost.

In addition to our photonic computing platform, we have leveraged QCi’s core technology to demonstrate powerful quantum sensing use cases in LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), reservoir computing (a form of neural network that can be used in machine learning applications) and quantum cyber authentication (a method for highly secure communication within a network). Several of these important technologies are already in early stages of commercialization.

Our longer-term product development plan is to migrate product designs based on discrete components to a set of optical integrated circuits built on wafers using a crystalline material called lithium niobate (“Thin Film Lithium Niobate” or “TFLN”). The Company believes that TFLN is an excellent material for design and implementation of optical integrated circuits suitable for our quantum computing and sensing products because it is crystal based and hence can have optical waveguides directly etched into the material. QCi possesses strong domain experience and intellectual property in TFLN design and chip fabrication and has completed initial production of several specialty devices such as electro-optical modulators (“EOM’s”). The Company has begun buildout of a state-of-the-art TFLN chip manufacturing facility in a leased space within Arizona State University’s Research Park in Tempe, Arizona. The Company’s understanding is that this could be the nation’s first dedicated optical integrated circuit manufacturing facility using TFLN wafers to achieve quantum effects. Our plan for the facility is to produce a range of custom lithium niobate chips for use in our own product lines as well as chips for sale in the commercial market. The Company has plans to support this initiative by applying for funding for distinct uses under both the Title 17 Clean Energy Financing Program managed by the US Department of Energy’s Loan Programs Office and also the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors Act of 2022 (the “CHIPS Act”), which allocates $52 billion for the revitalization and onshoring of semiconductor manufacturing in the U.S. The CHIPS Act funding specifically includes $39 billion in manufacturing incentives and $13 billion to support new research and development.

The recent market report published by Market Research Reports: Document ID: LPI08232779; Published August 8, 2023 “Thin Film Lithium Niobate Market Forecast 2023 – 2029,” indicates a significant underlying market growth for TFLN devices. The study covers use applications and segments that suggest the global TFLN EOM market, valued at $190.4 million in 2022, is forecast to grow an estimated $1,931.3 million by 2029 - a compound annual growth rate of 39 percent. The report further describes that the demand increase is principally driven by the material advantages that were summarized above. Specifically, TFLN EOM’s have the advantages of large bandwidth, low power consumption, and small size.

Our Strategy

QCi’s strategy is to provide a range of accessible and affordable quantum machines to commercial and government markets. Our proprietary technology is central to our strategy because we believe that it enables us to leverage the advantages of size, weight, power and cost (over competing cryogenic products to drive market adoption and volume of sales.

In addition to cloud-based access to our quantum computers, we offer on premises installation of our EQC product, rack-mountable and compatible with standard server room infrastructure requiring no need for special cooling, shielding, or power considerations. The Company believes the EQC’s small rack-mountable size and low-energy consumption provides a substantial competitive edge as compared to superconducting, cryogenic quantum systems offered by competitors that are also designed to solve optimization problems.

We believe that the practical benefits to the customer of QCi’s core offerings are:

	●	Powerful performance in speed and quality of solution for large complex optimization problems

	●	Plug and play compatibility with existing IT infrastructure

	●	Low power consumption – normal operation under 80 watts

	●	Scalability with potential for migration to nanophotonic system-on-a-chip designs

Market Opportunity

Despite enormous growth in the capabilities of conventional computers and silicon microprocessors, some of the world’s most important computational problems are still considered impractical to solve in a reasonable period of time. Quantum computing represents a potential alternative approach to solving those problems because quantum computers apply the properties of quantum physics to operate in a fundamentally different way. Conventional computer chips use binary bits (ones and zeros) to represent information. Quantum computers utilize qubits (quantum bits), which leverage some of the properties of quantum physics, namely superposition and entanglement, to process computations that would be intractably difficult using conventional computers.

While quantum-based computers will not replace conventional computers in most applications, they are ideally suited to run optimization algorithms, as well as to calculate certain sensing, imaging, and cybersecurity problems that are beyond the reach of general silicon-based computing today. The Company believes that quantum solutions have the potential to bring order of magnitude advances in the fields of medicine, engineering, autonomous vehicles, and cybersecurity and that the demand for quantum computing in these market sectors will likely outpace and outperform the general-purpose computing market in the near- to mid-term and into the foreseeable future.

Our core technology offers practical, cost-effective solutions that materially advance the adoption of quantum machines across several market segments including:

Quantum Computing

Quantum Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)

Remote Sensing

Imaging

Cybersecurity

Products and Products in Development

The Company believes it is well-positioned in the marketplace due to the Company’s core technology in integrated photonics that allows QCi to offer a suite of quantum machines and solutions to the market today with a robust technology roadmap for the future. The merger with QPhoton has broadened the Company’s technology portfolio and enables us to develop a group of closely related products to EQC, based on our common core photonic technology.

TFLN Optical Chips

We believe that TFLN optical integrated circuits (“TFLN Optical Chips”) will ultimately provide the greatest scalability and performance advantages for quantum information processing, sensing and imaging. The Company is developing proprietary chip designs and is completing a dedicated chip fabrication facility to develop and produce TFLN Optical Chips for quantum information processing and other single photon detection and sensing applications.

Quantum Computing

Entropy Quantum Computer

The core of QCi’s hardware offering is the EQC, which leverages the principle of open quantum systems, meaning that the EQC does not need to be isolated from the outside world in order to function. The EQC differs from the more common gate-model architectures by using the entropy in the environment as a useful source of energy rather than as a source of noise. As a result, the EQC can operate in normal server room environments with a high degree of stability. The EQC works by encoding a problem into a photonic signal and then carefully modulating the loss of energy in the system, iterating until the system reaches the ground state (or optimal configuration) solution. The non-linear coupling of an optical feedback loop in the system enables full connectivity among all of the variables of a complex problem.

QCi launched a new EQC device during the first quarter of 2024 (Dirac-3) and plans to release a series of additional EQC products in the coming months and years. This planned evolution of technology and product enhancements will involve improving the size and capacity of the EQC machines, as well as speed, scalability and performance fidelity. The EQC is available both as a cloud-based subscription service, similar to other quantum machines, as well as an affordable on premises solution.

Qatalyst

QCi’s evolution into quantum hardware computing was enabled by the prior creation of its Qatalyst software. The Qatalyst development platform was QCi’s answer to the broader industry’s current approach to quantum software development, which relies on highly trained scientists working with software development kits (“SDKs”) at the circuit level, instead of a high-level language, which requires deep level quantum expertise to create quantum workflows. Qatalyst is not a tool kit, rather, a complete platform. Qatalyst enables developers to create and execute quantum-ready applications on conventional computers as well as multiple quantum computers. Users can call upon the same Qatalyst APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) on conventional computers to achieve optimization performance advantages using our cloud-based solution. We originally designed Qatalyst to facilitate access to multiple quantum processing units including Rigetti, Oxford Quantum Circuits and IonQ, QuEra, and Xanadu via the Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) cloud-based Braket service. Qatalyst is now the interface to QCi’s own EQC systems.

Quantum Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)

Reservoir Computer

Launched in June 2023, our first reservoir computing product is an edge device that is FPGA-based and optimized for recurrent neural network applications. “Compute at the edge” means to process, measure and analyze data locally (at the device) vs. over a network where data must be sent over the internet or through some cloud service. QCi’s Reservoir Computer (“RC”) is a standalone box that can be plugged into a local computer or server without having to connect over the internet. The RC hardware system’s advantages over the more traditional software approaches to reservoir computing include significantly faster processing speeds, 80% - 95% less energy consumption, portability (size of power bank), affordability, and requiring significantly shorter training time. The RC delivers superior performance in time dependent tasks, such as chaotic time series prediction, unstructured financial model prediction, natural language processing and weather forecasting. Being deployed at a “compute at the edge” device, which provides the advantage of allowing data analysis to occur at the data collection point, reducing latency and dependency on network connections and providing more real-time processing of data. To date, the market for reservoir computing has been limited due to computing cost and technical implementation complexities, which the RC is designed to address. We anticipate that future generations of the RC will introduce greater speed of performance and scalability. This will enable the RC to participate in the large language model training and other applications. While technology challenges do remain in scaling this technology, this is one of the focus areas for QCi to gain significant share in the artificial intelligence / Machine Learning hardware market.

Remote Sensing

LiDAR Applications

QCi’s Quantum LiDAR uses patented methodologies that leverage the selective use of quantum spatial-temporal modes to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of weak information signals in a high noise background. This technology advancement allows QCi systems to see through dense fog and provide image fidelity at great distances with very high resolution in difficult environments such as snow, ice, and water. The practical benefits on payload and signal to noise enhancement can be used to produce LiDAR systems that are greatly enhanced in their ability to measure at improved resolution and distances from aircraft, drones and even satellites.

Quantum Photonic Vibrometer

Launched July 2023, QCi’s Photonic Vibrometer is a proprietary, powerful instrument for remote vibration detection, sensing, and inspection. This device offers significant advancements in sensitivity, speed, and resolution, capable of discerning for the first time, highly obscured and non-line-of-sight objects. The first in the series of the system measures the vibration frequency of a remote target by utilizing fast-gated single photon counting to directly detect returning photons whose wavefunctions are dynamically modulated as they are reflected off the target. By counting photons at a megahertz rate, important properties such as material composition and mechanical integrity can be determined within seconds and, depending on detection distance, with microwatt to milliwatt optical power. Working at an eye-safe wavelength, the system can accurately characterize the vibration spectra of solid or liquid targets with vibration amplitude as small as 100 nanometers. The system can also remotely sense through obscured media or around corners where there is no line of sight, implying new capabilities in remote sensing, voice recognition, and ex vivo diagnostics.

We expect subsequent photonic vibrometer versions, currently under development, to reach significantly greater distances, minimize device footprint and weight, and optimize data gathering in increasingly challenging environmental conditions (for example, underground, underwater and at high altitudes affixed to a drone, plane or space-based platforms).

Imaging

Optical Imaging

By leveraging the ability to count single photons, a key to the EQC, and filter their associated wave functions precisely, we can obtain optical imaging through otherwise opaque and dense materials. Quantum imaging has the potential to be a powerful supplement to modern reconstructed computerized tomography (CAT Scan) imaging applications, where tissue damage from high energy radiation needs to be avoided. We have built and are currently testing a prototype quantum imaging system.

Cybersecurity

Quantum Networks and Quantum Authentication

QCi has developed a system to address one of the major challenges in cybersecurity, authentication of users on a network, which is currently facilitated by the distribution of “private keys” by a trusted third party. This approach is inherently insecure as keys are bundled and travel with the encrypted data, making it susceptible to harvest-and-decrypt-later vulnerability. QCi has developed a quantum authentication technology and methodology that eliminates the need for trust of third-party involvement in key distribution. Our approach uses a combination of a high-powered laser and a patented detection methodology deeply rooted in the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, resulting in what we believe will be an unbreakable basis for private network communication.

Industry Overview

Quantum computing is a component of the large and global high-performance computing industry, which is comprised of hardware, software, and services for compute-intensive applications. The rapid adoption of technologies such as artificial intelligence, 3D imaging, artificial intelligence/large language models, and the Internet of Things (IoT), have served to exponentially increase the generation of data, driving up the demand for high-performance computing. Estimates of the size of this industry vary, but according to Grand View Research, the high-performance computing market was valued at $39.1 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach a value of $53.6 billion by 2027, see Grand View Research - High Performance Computing Market Size Worth $53.6 Billion By 2027, https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-high-performance-computing-hpc-market (Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, this website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report, and you should not consider information on this website to be part of this Annual Report).

The high-performance computing market is important for many industries, including, but not limited to, IT, aerospace, healthcare, automotive, and e-commerce. Examples of compute-intensive applications include optimization, data management, analytics, encryption, natural language processing and complex modeling. Quantum computing is expected to be useful for similar applications. According to a report from Allied Market Research, the global enterprise quantum computing market size was valued at $1.3 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach $18.3 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 29.7% from 2021 to 2030, according to a published report on the enterprise quantum computing market at https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/enterprise-quantum-computing-market (Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, this website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report, and you should not consider information on this website to be part of this Annual Report).

While the current quantum computing market comprises a fraction of the broader high-performance computing market, we anticipate that quantum computers will unlock new applications that are unlikely to be addressable by existing high-performance computers comprised of leveraging classical processing units.

Quantum computing is a nascent and rapidly developing technology that has shown promise in delivering potentially disruptive computing capabilities. We believe that quantum computing’s immense compute capabilities qualify it as a subset of high-performance computing. As quantum computing hardware continues to advance, we expect a corresponding growth in demand for software capable of leveraging the compute capabilities of quantum computing hardware. As an early participant in this rapidly growing ecosystem, we believe we are well-positioned to capture and drive a meaningful amount of this category growth. We believe that there is further potential upside from quantum computing and technology more broadly opening new markets not included in traditional high-performance computing market size estimates.

Competition

The quantum computing industry is highly competitive and rapidly evolving and will likely remain so for the foreseeable future. As this industry continues to grow and mature, we expect a continued influx of new competitors, products, hardware advances, and concepts to emerge that can dramatically transform the industry and our business. Due to the high price point of quantum computing hardware today, novel business models may emerge to adapt to customer preferences in the high-performance computing industry. Our ability to evolve and adapt rapidly over an extended period of time will be critical in remaining competitive. We perform a broad range of research and development efforts to identify and position for the changing demands of future customers and users, industry trends, and competitive forces.

According to research conducted by The Quantum Insider (https://thequantuminsider.com/data), there are over 700 companies and approximately 400 university academic groups working in various aspects of quantum technology, with approximately 400 of these having a pure play focus on quantum computing, according to The Landscape of the Quantum Start-up Ecosystem, October 18, 2022, https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-022-00146-x (Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, this website is not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report, and you should not consider information on this website to be part of this Annual Report).

These entities range in size from diversified global companies with significant research and development resources such as IBM, Google, Intel, Microsoft, Quantinuum (formerly Honeywell) and Amazon to recent market entrants such as D-Wave Quantum, Rigetti Computing, IonQ, PsiQuantum, Xanadu and Infleqtion (formerly ColdQuanta), as well as smaller privately funded development stage companies whose narrower product focuses may allow them to be more effective in deploying resources towards a specific industry demand. In addition, we face competition from large research organizations funded by sovereign nations such as China, Russia, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom, as well as the European Union, and we believe that additional countries will invest in quantum computing in the future. We will continue to face competition from the existing high-performance computing industry using classical (non-quantum) computers.

We believe that competition in this market segment will intensify. Many of our competitors may have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial, technical, product development and marketing resources, and greater name recognition than we do. Our competitors could use these resources to market or develop products or services that are more effective or less costly than any or all of our products or services.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property consists of patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. Our trade secrets consist of product formulas, research and development, and unpatentable know-how, all of which we seek to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements. To protect our intellectual property, we rely on a combination of laws and regulations, as well as contractual restrictions. Federal trademark law protects our registered trademarks. We also rely on the protection of laws regarding unregistered copyrights for certain content we create and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary technology. To further protect our intellectual property, we enter into confidentiality agreements with our executive officers, employees, consultants and directors.

Trademarks

The Company has one registered trademark, “QPhoton,” and has applied for two additional trademarks, both of which are being used in commerce:

●

QGraph

●

Qatalyst

Patents

The Company has one granted United States patent.

Country

Serial
No.

Filing
Date

Patent
No.

Issue
Date

Title

Status

Anticipated
Expiration
Date

USA

17/560,816

12/23/2021

11,436,519

09/06/2022

Machine Learning Mapping for Quantum Processing Units

Granted

12/23/2041

Exclusive License Agreement

QCi has an exclusive license to seven patents issued to the Stevens Institute of Technology, pursuant to the license agreement dated December 17, 2020 by and among QPhoton and The Trustees of The Stevens Institute of Technology (the “Licensor”). QPhoton agreed to reimburse the Licensor for patent prosecution expenses in the amount of $125,041 and deliver to the Licensor an annual report and quarterly report pursuant to the terms of the license agreement. As consideration for the license and other rights granted under the license agreement, QPhoton agreed to pay the Licensor (i) $35,000 upon full execution of the license agreement, (ii) $28,000 each annual anniversary of the effective date of the license agreement, (iii) 9% of the membership units of QPhoton, LLC, and (iv) a royalty of 3.5% of the net sales price of each license product sold or license by QPhoton, LLC and any affiliate and sublicensee. On June 15, 2022, the Licensor agreed to assign the license agreement to QCi upon consummation of the QPhoton Merger.

Government Regulation and Incentives

Encryption

The U.S. government has historically tightly regulated the export of cryptographic technologies under the Arms Export Control Act and the associated International Traffic in Arms regulations (ITAR) as a form of munition. The logic behind the export restrictions is that the ability to secure information has great value to the military and intelligence agencies, and the US Government does not want those technologies sold or distributed to foreign adversaries. These regulations were relaxed in 1996 by executive order, but restrictions are still in place under the Export Administration Act that limit the export of some advanced encryption methods and technologies. Export of commercial encryption products to certain designated countries and terrorist groups is restricted, as are exports of military quality encryption technologies. Restrictions on encryption technology are in place in many other countries but the extent of regulation varies widely from country to country. Domestically, encryption technology is largely unregulated but law enforcement, intelligence and investigative agencies work closely with encryption technology developers to enable the US government to access encrypted data under certain conditions. We believe that quantum encryption and decryption products can be marketed to U.S. government agencies but that export opportunities may be limited. The National Security Agency (NSA) released the “Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0” (CNSA 2.0) Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA) to notify National Security Systems (NSS) owners, operators and vendors of the future quantum-resistant (QR) algorithms requirements for NSS networks that contain or transfer classified information or are otherwise critical to military and intelligence activities.

Incentives

In December 2018, the National Quantum Initiative Act (the “Quantum Act”) was signed into law. The purpose of the Quantum Act is to “ensure the continued leadership of the United States in quantum information science” and to develop a unified national strategy for researching quantum information science. The Quantum Act authorizes a National Quantum Coordination Office inside the White House’s Office of Science and Technology Policy to help coordinate research between agencies, serve as the federal point of contact and promote private commercialization of federal research breakthroughs over the next decade. In addition, President Trump announced the formation of a National Quantum Initiative consisting of key technology companies working in the field of quantum computing. The Company is a member of that Initiative and is also a member of the Quantum Economic Development Council.

The Quantum Act also authorized the creation of five National Quantum Information Science Research Centers within the Department of Energy and research and education centers in the National Science Foundation. The Quantum Act also anticipated the eventual creation of industry standards for QIS development, new research grant funding and increased collaboration with the private sector, to date those standards and industry funding opportunities have not materialized.

In August 2022 Congress passed, and President Biden signed, the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors Act of 2022 (the “CHIPS Act”). The CHIPS Act was designed to address the global computer chip shortage and attract chip manufacturing, and innovation to the United States. The CHIPS Act is a $280 billion spending package aimed at encouraging the growth of the US-based semiconductor industry. To assist in securing the domestic chip supply, the CHIPS Act provides $52.7 billion for American semiconductor research, development, manufacturing, and workforce development. The Company is pursuing programs under the CHIPS Act as a potential avenue to finance a photonic chip manufacturing facility.

Corporate Information

Our executive offices are located at 5 Marine View Plaza, Suite 214, Hoboken, NJ 07030, and our telephone number is (703) 436-2121. Our corporate website is www.quantumcomputinginc.com. Information appearing on our website is not part of this Annual Report.

Employees

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 39 full time employees and nine part time contract staff, 34 of whom are focused on product development. The employees are not part of a collective bargaining agreement and labor relationships are good. The Company offers a health and welfare benefit plan to current full time employees that provides medical, dental, vision, life and disability benefits. The Company also offers a 401(k) retirement savings plan and participation in the stock option plan to all full-time employees. There are no unpaid liabilities under the Company’s benefit plans, and the Company has no obligation to pay for post-retirement health and medical costs of retired employees.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements of our objectives, expectations and intentions. The cautionary statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be read as applicable to all forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this report. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed herein. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those discussed below, as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Status as an Early-Stage Company

We are in our early stages and have a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to forecast the future results of our operations.

QCi was formed in 2018 and merged with QPhoton in June 2022. As a result of our limited operating history, our ability to accurately forecast our future results of operations is limited and subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to plan for and model future growth. Our ability to generate revenues will largely be dependent on our ability to develop and produce a suite of products based on quantum photonic technologies, with steadily increasing capabilities. Our technical roadmap may not be realized as quickly as hoped, or even at all. As a result, our historical results should not be considered indicative of our future performance. Further, in future periods, our growth could slow or decline for a number of reasons, including but not limited to slowing demand for our quantum products and services, increased competition, changes to technology, our inability to scale up our technology, a decrease in the growth of the market, or our failure, for any reason, to continue to take advantage of growth opportunities. Furthermore, the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern. We have not emerged from the development stage and may be unable to raise further equity. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We have also encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties and our future growth are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations, and our business could suffer. Our success as a business ultimately relies upon fundamental research and development breakthroughs in the coming years. There is no certainty these research and development milestones will be achieved as quickly as hoped, or even at all.

We have a history of operating losses and expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future.

We incurred net losses each year since 2018 and we believe that we will continue to incur operating and net losses each quarter until at least the time we begin generating significant revenue from our products and services, which may never occur. Even with significant production, we may never become profitable from the sale of our products and services.

We expect to incur significantly higher losses in future periods as we continue to incur significant expenses in connection with the design, development and manufacturing of our quantum computers and other products and services, and as we expand our research and development activities, invest in manufacturing capabilities, build up inventories of components for our quantum computers and other products, increase our sales and marketing activities, develop our infrastructure, and increase our general and administrative functions to support our growing operations. We may find that these efforts are more expensive than we currently anticipate or that these efforts may not result in revenues, which would further increase our losses. If we are unable to achieve and/or sustain profitability, or if we are unable to achieve the growth that we expect from these investments, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our business model is unproven and may never allow us to cover our costs.

We have a history of accumulated deficits, recurring losses and negative cash flows from operating activities. We may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability or remain a going concern.

We are an early-stage company and we have not generated any material revenues to offset our operating expenses. If we are unable to generate significant revenues in future periods, we will not be able to achieve profitability, and if we should achieve, to maintain profitability. Beyond this, we may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons including other risks described in this document, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown events. Accordingly, we may not ever achieve profitability. We incurred negative cash flows from operating activities and recurring net losses in fiscal years 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, our accumulated deficit was $149,718,453 and $119,987,781, respectively. These factors, among others, raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We may not be able to scale our business quickly enough to meet customer and market demand, which could result in lower profitability or cause us to fail to execute on our business strategies.

In order to grow our business, we will need to continually evolve and scale our business and operations to meet customer and market demand. However, commercial demand for quantum computing products and services may never develop. There are significant technological challenges associated with developing, producing, marketing and selling products and services in the high-performance computing industry, including our products and services, and we may not be able to resolve all of the difficulties that may arise in a timely or cost-effective manner, or at all. We may not be able to cost effectively manage production at a scale or quality consistent with customer demand in a timely or economical manner.

Our ability to scale is dependent also upon components that we must source from multiple countries, including China. Shortages or supply interruptions in any of these components will adversely impact our ability to generate revenues. Deterioration in the political relationship between the U.S. and China result in loss of access to suppliers of key components with little or no warning, which would adversely affect our ability to develop and manufacture our products. We are actively searching for alternative suppliers outside of China, but there is no assurance that we can locate comparable components at reasonable prices within the desired timeframes.

If large-scale development of our quantum computers other products commences, they may contain defects in design and manufacture that may cause them to not perform as expected or that may require repair and design changes. Our quantum computers are inherently complex and incorporate technology and components that may have not been used for computing products and that may contain defects and errors, particularly when first introduced. We have a limited frame of reference from which to evaluate the long-term performance of our computers. There can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix any defects in our quantum computers in a timely manner that does not disrupt our services to our customers. If our technology fails to perform as expected, customers may seek out a competitor or turn away from quantum computing entirely, each of which could adversely affect our sales and brand and could adversely affect our business, prospects and results of operations. If defects in our technology lead to erroneous outputs, third parties relying on those outputs may draw from them erroneous conclusions, creating a risk that we will be liable to those third parties.

If we cannot evolve and scale our business and operations effectively, we may not be able to execute our business strategies in a cost-effective manner and our business, financial condition, profitability and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Even if the market in which we compete achieves its anticipated growth levels, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

Our success will depend upon our ability to expand, scale our operations, and increase our sales and support capability. Even if the market in which we compete meets the size estimates and growth forecasted, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

Our growth is dependent upon our ability to successfully expand our products and services, retain customers, bring in new customers and retain critical talent. Unforeseen issues associated with scaling up and constructing quantum computing technology at commercially viable levels could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our growth is dependent upon our ability to successfully market and sell our quantum computers and quantum computing products and services. We do not have experience with the large-scale production and sale of quantum computing technology. Our growth and long-term success will depend upon the development of our sales and production capabilities.

Moreover, because of our advanced technology, our customers will require particular support and service functions, some of which are not currently available and may never be available. If we experience delays in adding such support capacity or servicing our customers efficiently, or experience unforeseen issues with the reliability of our technology, we could overburden our servicing and support capabilities. Similarly, increasing the number of our products and services would require us to rapidly increase the availability of these services. Failure to adequately support and service our customers may inhibit our growth and ability to expand.

There is no assurance that we will be able to ramp our business to meet our sales, manufacturing, installation, servicing and quantum computing targets, that expected growth levels will prove accurate or that the pace of growth will continue at the current rate. Failure of QCi to grow at rates similar to that of the broader quantum computing industry may adversely affect our operating results and ability to effectively compete within the industry.

We may not manage growth effectively.

Our failure to manage growth effectively could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. We anticipate that a period of significant expansion will be required to address potential growth. This expansion will place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources. Expansion will require significant cash investments and management resources and there is no guarantee that they will generate additional sales of our products or services, or that we will be able to avoid cost overruns or be able to hire additional personnel to support us. In addition, we will also need to ensure our compliance with regulatory requirements in various jurisdictions applicable to the sale, installation and servicing of our products. To manage the growth of our operations and personnel, we must establish and maintain appropriate and scalable operational and financial systems, procedures and controls and a qualified finance, administrative and operations staff. We may be unable to acquire the necessary capabilities and personnel required to manage growth or to identify, manage and exploit potential strategic relationships and market opportunities.

We will require a significant amount of cash for expenditures as we invest in ongoing research and development and business operations and may need additional capital sooner than planned to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, and we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available. If we are unable to raise additional funding when needed, we may be required to delay, limit or substantially reduce our development efforts.

Our business and future plans for expansion are capital-intensive, and we will require additional capital for equipment and facilities for hardware manufacturing and optical chip fabrication. The specific timing of cash inflows and outflows may fluctuate substantially from period to period. We will require a significant amount of cash for expenditures as we invest in ongoing research and development and business operations. Our operating plan may change because of factors currently unknown, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources. Such financings may result in dilution to stockholders, issuance of securities with priority as to liquidation and dividend and other rights more favorable than those of our common stock, imposition of debt covenants and repayment obligations or other restrictions that may adversely affect our business. Any funds we raise may not be sufficient to enable us to continue to implement our long-term business strategy. Further, our ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by worsening global economic conditions and disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures, the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related sanctions imposed against Russia, and the state of war between Israel and Hamas and the related risk of a larger regional conflict. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for current or future operating plans.

There can be no assurance that financing will be available to we on favorable terms, or at all. The inability to obtain financing when needed may make it more difficult for us to operate our business or implement our growth plans and we may be required to delay, limit or substantially reduce our quantum computing development efforts. Our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of securities could be significantly impacted by the resale of our securities by holders of our securities, which could result in a significant decline in the trading price of our securities and potentially hinder our ability to raise capital on terms that are acceptable to us or at all.

Failure to identify errors in the quantitative models we utilize to manage our business could adversely impact product performance and client relationships.

We employ various quantitative models to manage our business. Any errors in the underlying models or model assumptions could have unanticipated and adverse consequences on our business and reputation.

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited in connection with the QPhoton Merger or other ownership changes.

We have incurred losses during our history, do not expect to become profitable in the near future and may never achieve profitability. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire, if at all.

Under current law, U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards generated in taxable periods beginning after December 31, 2017, may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such net operating loss carryforwards in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020, is limited to 80% of taxable income, or less. It is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the current law.

In addition, our net operating loss carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the IRS, and state tax authorities. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), our federal net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes will become subject to an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership of the Company. An “ownership change” pursuant to Section 382 of the Code generally occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of a company’s stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a rolling three-year period. Similar rules apply under state tax laws. Our ability to utilize our federal net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities may be limited as a result of ownership changes, including potential changes in connection with the QPhoton Merger or other transactions. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws.

If we earn taxable income, such limitations could result in increased future income tax liability and our future cash flows could be adversely affected. We have recorded a valuation allowance related to our net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of the ultimate realization of the future benefits of those assets.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have not produced any of our products at volume and we face significant barriers in our attempts to develop and manufacture our products, including the need to invent and develop new technology. If we cannot successfully overcome those barriers, our business will be negatively impacted and could fail.

Producing quantum computers, sensors and networks is a difficult undertaking. There are significant engineering challenges that we must overcome. We face significant challenges in completing development of our quantum computers and other products, and in producing in sufficient volumes. Even if we complete development and achieve volume production of our products, if the cost, accuracy, performance characteristics or other specifications fall short of our expectations, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

The performance capabilities of our products will depend on the development and production of TFLN Optical Chips to achieve scale, performance and cost. There is significant development and intellectual property risk in the specification, design and development of TFLN Optical Chips and our plans could be impacted by lack of funding, competition or even unknown core technology factors intrinsic to the work. This would limit the ability of QCi to scale its growth to expected levels over the longer term and the Company could lose momentum.

We may be unable to reduce the production cost sufficiently, which may prevent us from pricing our quantum systems competitively.

Our revenue projections are dependent on the cost per manufactured system decreasing over the next several years as our quantum computers advance. These cost projections are based on economies of scale due to demand for our products and services, technological innovation and negotiations with third-party parts suppliers. If these cost savings do not materialize, the production cost may be higher than projected, making our quantum computing products and services less competitive than those offered by our competitors, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If our products and services fail to deliver customer value to a broader range of customers than classical approaches, our business, financial condition and future prospects may be harmed.

“Quantum advantage” refers to the moment when a quantum computer can compute faster than existing classical computers, while quantum supremacy is achieved once quantum computers are powerful enough to complete calculations that traditional supercomputers cannot perform at all. Broad quantum advantage is when quantum advantage is seen in many applications and developers prefer quantum computers to a traditional computer. No current quantum computers have reached a broad quantum advantage and they may never reach such advantage. While achieving a broad quantum advantage will be critical to the success of any quantum computing company, including us, it would not necessarily lead to commercial viability of the technology that accomplished such advantage, nor would it mean that such system could outperform classical computers in tasks other than the one used to determine a quantum advantage. As quantum computing technology continues to mature, broad quantum advantage, and quantum supremacy, may take years or decades to be realized, if it ever is. If we cannot develop quantum computers that have quantum advantage, customers may not continue to purchase our products and services. If other companies’ quantum computers reach a broad quantum advantage prior to the time we reach such capabilities, it could lead to a loss of customers. If any of these events occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The quantum computing industry is competitive and we may not be successful in competing in this industry or establishing and maintaining confidence in our long-term business prospects among current and future partners and customers.

Since the merger with QPhoton, our business strategy has broadened to include the manufacture of several lines of hardware in addition to the underlying software. As a result, the markets in which we now operate are rapidly evolving and highly competitive. As the marketplace continues to mature and new technologies and competitors enter, we expect competition to intensify. Our current competitors include:

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large, well-established tech companies that generally compete across our products, including IBM, Quantinuum, Google, Microsoft and Amazon;

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large research organizations funded by sovereign nations such as China, Russia, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, and those in the European Union; additional countries may decide to fund quantum computing programs in the future;

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less-established public and private companies with competing technology, including IonQ, Rigetti Computing, PsiQuantum, Xanadu and D-Wave Quantum, and companies located outside the United States; and

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new or emerging entrants seeking to develop competing technologies.

We compete based on various factors, including technology, price, performance, multi-cloud availability, brand recognition and reputation, customer support and differentiated capabilities, including ease of administration and use, scalability and reliability, data governance and security. Many of our competitors have substantially greater brand recognition, customer relationships, and financial, technical and other resources than we do, including an experienced sales force and sophisticated supply chain management. They may be able to respond more effectively than us to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, customer requirements and buying practices. In addition, many countries are focused on developing quantum computing solutions either in the private or public sector and may subsidize quantum computers, which may make it difficult for us to compete. Many of these competitors do not face the same challenges we do in growing our business. In addition, other competitors might be able to compete with us by bundling their other products in a way that does not allow us to offer a competitive solution.

Further, the industry might recognize the intrinsic advantages of optical integrated circuits in information processing applications and our competitors could shift to a more direct competitive approach using similar technologies, even with strong intellectual property protection.

Additionally, we must be able to achieve our objectives in a timely manner lest quantum computing lose ground to competitors, including competing technologies. Because there are a large number of market participants, including certain sovereign nations, focused on developing quantum computing technology, we must dedicate significant resources to achieving any technical objectives on the timelines established by our management team. Any failure to achieve objectives in a timely manner could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

For all of these reasons, competition may negatively impact our ability to maintain and grow consumption of our platform or put downward pressure on our prices and gross margins, any of which could materially harm our reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We rely on access to high-performance third-party classical computing through public clouds and high-performance computing centers to deliver quantum products and services to customers. We may not be able to maintain connectivity with these resources, which could make it harder for us to reach customers or deliver products and services in a cost-effective manner.

Our products and services may from time to time incorporate high-performance classical computing through public clouds to provide services to end users and our partners. These public cloud services are predominantly on AWS at the present time.

Any material change in our contractual and other business relationships with AWS or other cloud providers could result in reduced use of our products and services, increased expenses, including service credit obligations, and harm our brand and reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, if our contractual and other business relationships with our partners are terminated or suspended, either by our partner or by us, or suffer a material change to which we are unable to adapt, such as the elimination of services or features on which we depend, we would be unable to provide our quantum computing products and services business at the same scale and would experience significant delays and incur additional expense in transitioning customers to a different public cloud provider.

We depend on certain suppliers to source products. Failure to maintain our relationship with any of these suppliers, or a failure to replace any of these suppliers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We buy our products and supplies from companies that manufacture and source products from the United States and abroad. Our ability to develop and maintain relationships with qualified suppliers who can satisfy our standards for quality and delivery in a timely and efficient manner is a significant challenge. Any failure to maintain our relationship with any of our largest suppliers, or a failure to replace any such supplier that is lost, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We may be required to replace a supplier if their products do not meet our quality or safety standards, or if the United States government imposes restrictions on trade with certain countries, such as China. In addition, our suppliers could discontinue selling products at any time for reasons that may or may not be in our control or the suppliers’ control, including shortages of raw materials, environmental and social supply chain issues, pandemic, labor disputes or weather conditions. Disruptions in transportation lines or the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the state of war between Israel and Hamas, or an invasion of Taiwan by China, may also cause global supply chain issues that affect us or our suppliers. We generally have multiple sources of supply, however, in some cases, materials are provided by a single supplier. The loss of, or substantial decrease in the availability of, products from our suppliers, or the loss of a key supplier, temporarily or permanently, could result in a material shortage of products, which could lead to price escalations that we may be unable to offset by our prices to our customers. When supply chain issues are later resolved and prices return to normal levels, we may be required to reduce the prices at which we sell our products to our customers in order to remain competitive. In addition, even where these risks do not materialize, we may incur costs as we prepare contingency plans to address such risks. Our operating results and inventory levels could suffer if we are unable to promptly replace a supplier who is unwilling or unable to satisfy our requirements with a supplier providing similar products. In addition, our suppliers’ ability to deliver products may also be affected by raw material and commodity cost volatility or financing constraints caused by credit market conditions, which could materially and negatively impact our net sales and operating costs, at least until alternate sources of supply are arranged. Any delay or unavailability of key products required for our development activities in a timely or cost-effective manner could delay or prevent us from further developing our products and services on our expected timelines or at all and could materially harm our business.

In order to compete, we must attract, retain and motivate key associates, and the failure to do so could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on our executive officers and management team to run our business. As we develop new business models and new ways of working, we will need to develop suitable skill sets within our organization. In addition, our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees that have highly technical set of skills. The current market for such positions is highly competitive. Qualified individuals are in high demand and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. Moreover, the loss of any of our senior management or other key employees or our inability to recruit and develop capable managers could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and we may be unable to find adequate replacements.

Even if we are successful in developing our products and executing our strategy, competitors in the industry may achieve technological breakthroughs that render our quantum computing systems obsolete or inferior to other products.

Our continued growth and success depend on our ability to innovate and develop quantum computing technology in a timely manner and effectively market these products. Without timely innovation and development, our quantum computing products and services could be rendered obsolete or less competitive by changing customer preferences or because of the introduction of a competitor’s newer technologies. We believe that many competing technologies will require a technological breakthrough in one or more problems related to science, fundamental physics or manufacturing. While it is uncertain whether such technological breakthroughs will occur in the next several years, that does not preclude the possibility that such technological breakthroughs could eventually occur. Any technological breakthroughs that render our technology obsolete or inferior to other products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The quantum computing industry is in its early stages and volatile, and if it does not develop, if it develops slower than we anticipate, if it encounters negative publicity or if our quantum computing products and services do not achieve commercial adoption, the growth of our business will be harmed.

The nascent market for quantum computers is still rapidly evolving, characterized by rapidly changing technologies, competitive pricing and competitive factors, evolving government regulation and industry standards, and changing customer demands and behaviors. Our success will depend to a substantial extent on the willingness of our potential customers to use, and increase their utilization of, our products and services, as well as on our ability to demonstrate the value of quantum computing to their respective organization, government agencies, and other purchasers of quantum computing offerings. Negative publicity concerning our products and services or the quantum computing industry as a whole could limit market acceptance of our offerings. If our clients and partners do not perceive the benefits of our products and services, or if they do not drive customer engagement, then our market may not develop at all, or it may develop more slowly than we expect. Similarly, individual and industry concerns or negative publicity regarding technophobic views in the context of quantum computing could limit market acceptance of our quantum computing products and services. If any of these events occur, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.

In addition, our growth and future demand for our products is highly dependent upon the adoption by developers and customers of quantum computers, as well as on our ability to demonstrate the value of quantum computing to our customers. Delays in future generations of our quantum computers or technical failures at other quantum computing companies could limit acceptance of our products and services. Negative publicity concerning our products and services or the quantum computing industry as a whole could limit acceptance of our products and services. While we believe that quantum computing will solve many large-scale problems, it is possible that such problems may never be solvable by quantum computing technology. If our customers and partners do not see the benefits of our products and services, or if our products and services do not drive commercial sales, then demand for our products and services may not develop at all, or it may develop slower than we expect. If any of these events occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have experienced in the past, and could also suffer future disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality problems with our quantum computing products and services, our production technology partners or with the public cloud, data centers and internet infrastructure on which we rely.

Our business depends on our quantum computing systems being available through the cloud with a high level of reliability. We have experienced, and may in the future further experience, disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality problems with our systems. We have also experienced, and may in the future further experience, disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality problems with the public cloud and internet infrastructure on which our systems rely. These problems can be caused by a variety of factors, including failed introductions of new functionality, vulnerabilities and defects in proprietary and open- source software, hardware components, human error or misconduct, capacity constraints, design limitations, denial of service attacks or other security-related incidents, foreign objects or debris, weather, construction, supply chain events, or accidents and other force majeure. We do not have a contractual right with our public cloud providers that compensates us for any losses due to availability interruptions in the public cloud.

Any disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality problems with our quantum computing system or with the public cloud, internet, and other infrastructure on which they rely could result in reduced use of our systems, increased expenses, including service credit obligations, and harm to our brand and reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our future growth and success depend on our ability to sell effectively to government entities and large enterprises.

Our potential customers are likely to include government agencies and large commercial enterprises. Therefore, our future success will depend on our ability to effectively sell our products to such customers. Sales to these end-customers involve risks that may not be present (or that are present to a lesser extent) with sales to non-governmental agencies or smaller customers. These risks include, but are not limited to, (i) increased purchasing power and leverage held by such customers in negotiating contractual arrangements with us and (ii) longer sales cycles and the associated risk that substantial time and resources may be spent on a potential end-customer that elects not to purchase our solutions. In addition, government contracts generally include the ability of government agencies to terminate early which, if exercised, would result in a lower contract value and lower than anticipated revenues. Such government contracts also may limit our ability to do business with foreign governments or prevent us from selling our products in certain countries.

Our quantum computing systems may not be compatible with some or all industry-standard software and hardware in the future, which could harm our business.

Since the merger with QPhoton, we have been focusing more of our efforts on creating quantum computing hardware, in addition to refining the software development platform to access our hardware, and application programing interfaces (“APIs”) to access our systems. The industry is rapidly evolving, and customers have many choices for programming languages, some of which may not be compatible with our own APIs. Our quantum computing development platform is designed to be compatible with most major software languages. If a proprietary (not open source) software toolset became the standard for quantum application development in the future by a competitor, however, usage of our hardware might be limited, which would have a negative impact on the Company. Similarly, if a piece of hardware that we could not integrate with became a necessary component for quantum computing (for instance, quantum networking), the result might have a negative impact on the Company.

Unfavorable conditions in our industry or the global economy could limit our ability to grow our business and negatively affect our results of operations.

Our results of operations may vary based on the impact of changes in our industry or the global economy on us or our customers and potential customers. Negative conditions in the general economy both in the United States and abroad, including conditions resulting from changes in gross domestic product growth, financial and credit market fluctuations, international trade relations, pandemics (such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic) and other health emergencies, political turmoil, natural catastrophes, warfare, and terrorist attacks on the United States or elsewhere, could cause a decrease in business investments, including the progress on development of quantum technologies, and negatively affect the growth of our business. In addition, in challenging economic times, our current or potential future customers may experience cash flow problems and as a result may modify, delay or cancel plans to purchase our products and services. Additionally, if our customers are not successful in generating sufficient revenue or are unable to secure financing, they may not be able to pay, or may delay payment of, accounts receivable as a result. Moreover, our key suppliers may reduce their output or become insolvent, thereby adversely impacting our ability to manufacture our products.

Furthermore, uncertain economic conditions may make it more difficult for us to raise funds through borrowings or private or public sales of debt or equity securities. We cannot predict the timing, location, strength or duration of any economic slowdown, instability or recovery, generally or within any particular industry.

Government actions and regulations, such as tariffs and trade protection measures, may adversely impact our business, including our ability to obtain products from our suppliers

Government actions and regulations, such as tariffs and trade protection measures, may limit our ability to obtain products from our suppliers or sell our products and services to customers. Political challenges between the United States and countries in which our suppliers are located and changes to trade policies, including tariff rates and customs duties, trade relations between the United States and those countries and other macroeconomic issues could adversely impact our business. During the last few years, the United States has imposed tariffs on certain products imported into the United States and some countries have imposed tariffs on U.S. imports in response. The U.S. government continues to add additional entities, in China and elsewhere, to restricted party lists impacting the ability of U.S. companies to provide products and, in certain cases, services, to these entities and, in some cases, to receive items or services from these entities. The U.S. government also continues to increase end-use restrictions on the provision of items and service to China and other countries including end-uses related to advanced computing. There is also a possibility of future tariffs, trade protection measures or other restrictions imposed on our products or on our customers by the United States or other countries that could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our technology could be deemed a matter of national security and, as such, our customer base could be tightly restricted. We also may accept government grants that place restrictions on the business’ ability to operate. Any such actions could impact our business operations and have a material adverse effect on our business prospectus, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the Chinese government exercises significant control over China’s economy through the allocation of resources, control of the incurrence and payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting of monetary policy and provision of preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Changes in any of these policies, laws and regulations could adversely affect the overall economy in China or our Chinese suppliers, which could harm our business through higher supply costs, reduced availability or both.

Also, due to concerns with the security of products and services from certain telecommunications equipment and services companies based in China, U.S. Congress has enacted bans on the use of certain Chinese-origin components or systems either in items sold to the U.S. government or in the internal networks of government contractors and subcontractors (even if those networks are not used for government-related projects). Further, the Chinese government has responded to these U.S. actions by indicating its intention to develop an unreliable entity list, which may limit the ability of companies on the list to engage in business with Chinese counterparties.

In June 2022, the import restrictions contained in the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (“UFLPA”) became effective. The UFLPA creates a rebuttable presumption that any goods mined, produced or manufactured, wholly or in part, in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (“XUAR”) of China, or produced by a listed entity, were made with forced labor and would therefore not be entitled to entry at any U.S. port. Importers are required to present clear and convincing evidence that such goods are not made with forced labor. While we do not source items from the XUAR or from listed parties, and we have increased our supply chain diligence, there is risk that our ability to import components and products may be adversely affected by the UFLPA.

Given the relatively fluid regulatory environment in China and the United States and uncertainty regarding how the U.S. government or Chinese and other foreign governments will act with respect to tariffs and international trade agreements and policies, a trade war, further governmental action related to tariffs or international trade policies, or additional tax or other regulatory changes in the future could directly and adversely impact our financial results and results of operations. We cannot predict what actions may ultimately be taken with respect to trade relations between the United States and China or other countries, what products may be subject to such actions or what actions may be taken by the other countries in retaliation. If we are unable to obtain or use components for inclusion in our products, if component prices increase significantly or if we are unable to export or sell our products to any of our customers, our business, liquidity, financial condition and/or results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

We may become subject to legal proceedings that could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.

From time to time and in the ordinary course of our business, we and certain of our subsidiaries may become involved in various legal proceedings. All such legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable and, regardless of the merits of the claims, litigation may be expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations and distracting to management. If resolved against us, such legal proceedings could result in excessive verdicts, injunctive relief or other equitable relief that may affect how we operate our business. Similarly, if we settle such legal proceedings, it may affect how we operate our business. Future court decisions, alternative dispute resolution awards, business expansion or legislative activity may increase our exposure to litigation and regulatory investigations. In some cases, substantial noneconomic remedies or punitive damages may be sought. Although we maintain liability insurance coverage, there can be no assurance that such coverage will cover any particular verdict, judgment or settlement that may be entered against us, that such coverage will prove to be adequate or that such coverage will continue to remain available on acceptable terms, if at all. If we incur liability that exceeds our insurance coverage or that is not within the scope of the coverage in legal proceedings brought against us, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We intend to continue exploring strategic business acquisitions and other business combinations and transactions, which are subject to inherent risks.

In order to expand our products and services and grow our market and client base, we may continue to seek and complete strategic business acquisitions and other combinations, investments, or partnerships that we believe are complementary to our business. The identification of suitable acquisition, strategic investment or strategic partnership candidates can be costly and time consuming and can distract our management team from our current operations. The completion of such transactions also have inherent risks that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or prospects, including, but not limited to: (i) failure to successfully integrate the business and financial operations, services, intellectual property, solutions or personnel of an acquired business and to maintain uniform standard controls, policies and procedures; (ii) diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns; (iii) entry into markets in which we have little or no direct prior experience; (iv)) failure to achieve projected synergies and performance targets; (v) loss of clients or key personnel; (vi) incurrence of debt or assumption of known and unknown liabilities; (vii)) write-off of software development costs, goodwill, client lists and amortization of expenses related to intangible assets; (viii) dilutive issuances of equity securities; and (ix) accounting deficiencies that could arise in connection with, or as a result of, such transactions, including issues related to internal control over financial reporting and the time and cost associated with remedying such deficiencies. Even if we successfully complete a strategic transaction, we may not be able to effectively integrate the acquired business, technology, systems, control environment, solutions, personnel or operations into our business or not be able to achieve projected results or support the amount of consideration paid for such acquired businesses or invested in such transactions. In addition, we may incur unexpected costs, claims or liabilities during the strategic transaction or that we assume from the acquired company, or we may discover adverse conditions post- acquisition for which we have limited or no recourse, and we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any strategic transaction.

If we fail to establish and maintain an effective system of internal control, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or prevent fraud. Any inability to report and file our financial results accurately and timely could harm our reputation and adversely impact the trading price of our common stock.

Effective internal control is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, we may not be able to manage our business as effectively as we would if an effective control environment existed, and our business and reputation with investors may be harmed. As a result, our small size and any current internal control deficiencies may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and access to capital.

Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and share price.

The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, inflation rates higher than historical norms, higher interest rates, bank failures and uncertainty about economic stability. For example, recent bank failures have resulted in volatility in the capital markets. Similarly, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, as well as the war between Israel and Hamas, has created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and are expected to have continuing global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets. Any such volatility and disruptions may have adverse consequences on us or the third parties on whom we rely. If the equity and credit markets were to further deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive. Higher than anticipated inflation rates have and are expected to continue to adversely affect us by increasing our costs, including labor and employee benefit costs, and costs for equipment and system components associated with system development. In addition, higher inflation could also increase our customers’ operating costs, which could result in reduced budgets for our customers and potentially less demand for our systems. Any significant increases in inflation and related increase in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Even if inflation and interest rates decline from current levels, that may not result in a reduction of costs.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets due to licensing requirements and subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws.

Our products and services are subject to U.S. export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. U.S. export control and economic sanctions laws include restrictions or prohibitions on the sale or supply of certain products, technologies, and services to U.S. Government embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments, persons and entities. In addition, certain products and technology may be subject to export licensing or approval requirements. Exports of our products and technology must be made in compliance with export control and sanctions laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges, fines that which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers.

In addition, various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including through import permit and license requirements and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our products and technologies or could limit our end customers’ ability to implement our services in those countries. Changes in our products or technologies or changes in applicable export or import laws and regulations also may create delays in the introduction and sale of our products and technologies in international markets or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products and technologies to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import laws and regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing laws and regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such laws and regulations could also result in decreased use of our products and services or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products and services to existing or potential customers. Any decreased use of our products and services or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products and services would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect to incur significant costs in complying with these regulations. Regulations related to quantum computing are currently evolving and we face risks associated with changes to these regulations.

We may become subject to product liability claims, which could harm our financial condition and liquidity if we are not able to successfully defend or insure against such claims.

We may become subject to product liability claims, even those without merit, which could harm our business prospects, operating results, and financial condition. We may face inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event that our products do not perform as expected or malfunction. A successful product liability claim against us could require us to pay a substantial monetary award. Moreover, a product liability claim could generate substantial negative publicity about our quantum computers and business and inhibit or prevent commercialization of other future quantum computers, which would have material adverse effects on our brand, business, prospects and operating results. Any insurance coverage might not be sufficient to cover all potential product liability claims. Any lawsuit seeking significant monetary damages either in excess of our coverage, or outside of our coverage, may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and financial condition. We may not be able to secure additional product liability insurance coverage on commercially acceptable terms or at reasonable costs when needed, particularly if we do face liability for our products and are forced to make a claim under our policy.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Any failure to obtain, maintain and protect our intellectual property rights could impair our ability to protect and commercialize our proprietary products and technology and cause us to lose our competitive advantage.

Our success depends, in significant part, on our ability to obtain, maintain, enforce and defend our intellectual property rights, including patents and trade secrets. We rely upon a combination of the intellectual property protections afforded by patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as license agreements and other contractual protections, to establish, maintain and enforce rights in our proprietary technologies. In addition, we seek to protect our intellectual property rights through nondisclosure and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and through non-disclosure agreements with business partners and other third parties.

However, we may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property. Our trade secrets may also be compromised, which could cause us to lose our competitive advantage. Third parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain, use or infringe our intellectual property.

Monitoring and detecting unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and the steps we have taken or take in the future to prevent infringement or misappropriation may not be sufficient. Any enforcement efforts we undertake, including litigation, could be time-consuming and expensive and could divert management’s attention, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, existing intellectual property laws and contractual remedies may afford less protection than needed to safeguard our intellectual property portfolio, and third parties may develop competitive offerings in a manner that leaves us with limited means to enforce our intellectual property rights against them.

Patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws vary significantly throughout the world. A number of foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. Therefore, our intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as easily enforced outside of the United States and efforts to protect against the unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights, technology and other proprietary rights may be more expensive and difficult outside of the United States.

Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could result in our competitors using our intellectual property to offer products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage and a decrease in our revenue, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our inability to secure patent protection or enforce our patent rights could have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercializing similar products or technology.

The application and registration of patents involves complex legal and factual questions. As a result, we cannot be certain that the patent applications that we file will result in patents being issued or that our patents (including licensed patents) and any future patents that do issue will afford protection against competitors with similar technology. Numerous patents and pending patent applications owned by others exist in the fields in which we have developed and are developing our products and services, and this may make it difficult for us to obtain certain patent coverage on our own. Any of our existing or pending patents may also be challenged by others on the basis that they are otherwise invalid or unenforceable. Furthermore, patent applications filed in foreign countries are subject to laws, rules and procedures that differ from those of the United States, and thus we cannot be certain that foreign patent applications related to issued U.S. patents will be issued.

Even if our patent applications succeed, it is still uncertain whether these patents (or any of the issued patents exclusively licensed to us) will be contested, circumvented, invalidated, found to be unenforceable or limited in scope in the future. The rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with meaningful protection or competitive advantages. The intellectual property rights of others could bar us from licensing and exploiting any patents that issue from our pending applications, and the claims under any patents that issue from our patent applications may not be broad enough to prevent others from developing technologies that are similar or that achieve results similar to ours. In addition, patents issued to us may be infringed upon or designed around by others and others may obtain patents that we need to license or design around, either of which would increase costs and may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We may face patent infringement and other intellectual property claims that could be costly to defend, result in injunctions and significant damage awards, or limit our ability to use certain key technologies in the future, all of which could harm our business.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our products and services without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties. However, we may not be aware that our products, services or technologies are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating third-party intellectual property rights and such third parties may bring claims alleging such infringement, misappropriation or violation.

For example, there may be issued patents of which we are unaware, held by third parties that, if found to be valid and enforceable, could be alleged to be infringed by our current or future products, services or technologies. Also, because patent applications can take years to issue and are often afforded confidentiality for some period of time, there may currently be pending applications, unknown to us, that later result in issued patents that could cover our current or future products, services or technologies. The strength of our defenses will depend on the rights asserted, the interpretation of these rights, and our ability to invalidate the asserted rights. However, we could be unsuccessful in advancing non-infringement and/or invalidity arguments in our defense.

Although we carry general liability insurance, our insurance may not cover potential claims of this type or may not be adequate to indemnify us for all liability that may be imposed. We cannot predict the outcome of lawsuits and cannot ensure that the results of any such actions will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and harm our business and operating results. Further, there could be public announcements of the intellectual property litigation, and if securities analysts, investors or others perceive the potential impact to be negative or risks to be substantial, it could have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock. The occurrence of infringement claims may grow as the market for our products, services and technologies grows. Accordingly, our exposure to damages resulting from infringement claims could increase and this could further exhaust our financial and management resources.

Cybersecurity risks and the failure to maintain the integrity of data belonging to the Company could expose us to data loss, litigation and liability, and our reputation could be significantly harmed.

We may from time to time collect and retain large volumes of data relating to our business and from our customers for business purposes, including for transactional and promotional purposes, and our various information technology systems enter, process, summarize and report such data. The integrity and protection of this data is critical to our business. Maintaining compliance with the evolving regulations and requirements applicable to data security and information privacy protection could be difficult and may increase our expenses. In addition, a penetrated or compromised data system or the intentional, inadvertent or negligent release or disclosure of data could result in theft, loss or fraudulent or unlawful use of data relating to our company or our employees, independent distributors or preferred customers, which could harm our reputation, disrupt our operations, or result in remedial and other costs, fines or lawsuits.

Remote work has become more common and has increased risks to our information technology systems and data, as more of our employees utilize network connections, computers and devices outside our premises or network, including working at home, while in transit and in public locations. In addition, future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations) could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, as our systems could be negatively affected by vulnerabilities present in acquired or integrated entities’ systems and technologies. Furthermore, we may discover security issues that were not found during due diligence of such acquired or integrated entities, and it may be difficult to integrate companies into our information technology environment and security program.

Computer malware, viruses, hacking, phishing attacks and spamming could harm our business and results of operations.

Computer malware, viruses, physical or electronic break-ins and similar disruptions could lead to interruption and delays in our services and operations and loss, misuse or theft of data. Computer malware, viruses, computer hacking and phishing attacks against business networks have become more prevalent and may occur on our systems in the future.

Any attempts by hackers to disrupt our internal systems, if successful, could harm our business, be expensive to remedy and damage our reputation or brand. Our network security business disruption insurance may not be sufficient to cover significant expenses and losses related to direct attacks on our website or internal systems. Efforts to prevent hackers from entering our computer systems are expensive to implement and may limit the functionality of our services. Though it is difficult to determine what, if any, harm may directly result from any specific interruption or attack, any failure to maintain performance, reliability, security and availability of our products and services and technical infrastructure may harm our reputation, brand and our ability to attract customers. Any significant disruption to our website or internal computer systems could result in a loss of customers and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We have previously experienced, and may in the future experience, service disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, third-party service providers, human or software errors and capacity constraints. If our software application is unavailable when customers attempt to access it or it does not load as quickly as they expect, customers may seek other services.

Our quantum computer products rely on software that is highly technical and complex and may now or in the future contain undetected errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities. Some errors in our software code may only be discovered after the code has been deployed. Any errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities discovered in our code after deployment, inability to identify the cause or causes of performance problems within an acceptable period of time or difficultly maintaining and improving the performance of our platform, particularly during peak usage times, could result in damage to our reputation or brand, loss of revenues, or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business and financial results.

We expect to continue to make significant investments to maintain and improve the availability of our cloud- based products and services and to enable rapid releases of new features and products. To the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business and operating results may be harmed.

Growing our customer base depends upon the effective operation of our applications with operating systems, networks and standards that we do not control.

We will be dependent on the interoperability of our applications with operating systems that we do not control, and any changes in such systems that degrade our potential products’ functionality or give preferential treatment to competitive products could adversely affect the usage of our applications on quantum processing units. Additionally, in order to deliver high quality products, it is important that our products work well with a range of quantum computers, conventional computers, systems, networks and standards that we do not control. We may not be successful in developing relationships with key participants in the quantum computing industry or in developing products that operate effectively with these technologies, systems, networks or standards.

We may not be able to protect our source code from copying if there is an unauthorized disclosure of source code.

Source code, the detailed program commands for our operating systems and other software programs, is critical to our business. While, from time to time, we may license portions of our application and operating system source code to one or more licensees, we take significant measures to protect the secrecy of large portions of our source code. However, if a significant portion of our source code leaks, we might lose future trade secret protection for that source code. It may become easier for third parties to compete with our products by copying functionality, which could adversely affect our revenue and operating margins.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

Our stock price has been and may continue to be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may lose part or all of your investment.

The market price of our common stock has in the past and may going forward fluctuate widely in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

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actions by competitors;

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actual or anticipated growth rates relative to our competitors;

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the public’s response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”);

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economic, legal and regulatory factors unrelated to our performance;

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any future guidance that we may provide to the public, any changes in such guidance or any difference between our guidance and actual results;

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changes in financial estimates or recommendations by any securities analysts who follow our common stock;

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speculation by the press or investment community regarding our business;

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litigation;

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changes in key personnel; and

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future sales of our common stock by our officers, directors and significant stockholders.

In addition, the stock markets, including the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) on which our common stock is listed, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These broad market fluctuations may materially affect our stock price, regardless of our operating results. Furthermore, the market for our common stock historically has been limited and we cannot assure you that an active trading market will ever be developed or maintained. The price at which investors purchase shares of our common stock may not be indicative of the price that will prevail in the trading market. Market fluctuations and volatility, as well as general economic, market and political conditions, could reduce our market price. As a result, these factors may make it more difficult or impossible for you to sell your shares of our common stock for a positive return on your investment. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our resources and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.

Future sales of shares of our common stock, or the perception in the public markets that these sales may occur, may depress our stock price.

The market price of our common stock could decline significantly as a result of sales of a large number of shares of our common stock. In addition, if our significant stockholders sell a large number of shares, or if we issue a large number of shares, the market price of our stock could decline. Any issuance of additional common stock by us in the future, or warrants or options to purchase our common stock, if exercised, would result in dilution to our existing stockholders. Such issuances could be made at a price that reflects a discount or a premium to the then-current trading price of our common stock. Moreover, the perception in the public market that stockholders might sell shares of our stock or that we could make a significant issuance of additional common stock in the future could depress the market for our shares. These sales, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock or make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

“Penny stock” rules may make buying or selling our common stock difficult, which may make our stock less liquid and make it harder for investors to buy and sell our securities.

Trading in our common stock is subject to the SEC’s “penny stock” rules and we expect that trading in our common stock will continue to be subject to the penny stock rules for the foreseeable future. The SEC has adopted regulations that generally define a penny stock to be any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. These rules would require that any broker-dealer that recommends our common stock to persons other than prior customers and accredited investors must, prior to the sale, make a special written suitability determination for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written agreement to execute the transaction. Unless an exception is available, the regulations require the delivery, prior to any transaction involving a penny stock, of a disclosure schedule explaining the penny stock market and the risks associated with trading in the penny stock market. In addition, broker-dealers must disclose commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative and current quotations for the securities they offer. The additional burdens imposed upon broker-dealers by these requirements may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our common stock, which could severely limit the liquidity of, and consequently adversely affect the market price for, our common stock.

Sales of our currently issued and outstanding stock may become freely tradable pursuant to Rule 144 and may dilute the market for your shares and have a depressive effect on the price of the shares of our common stock.

A substantial minority of our outstanding shares of common stock are “restricted securities” within the meaning of Rule 144 under the Securities Act. In addition, we have issued notes that are convertible into shares of our common stock in connection with financing transactions and certain employment, director and consultant agreements, which shares of common stock, upon conversion, would also be considered “restricted securities.” As restricted securities, these shares may be resold only pursuant to an effective registration statement or under the requirements of Rule 144 or other applicable exemptions from registration under the Act and as required under applicable state securities laws. Rule 144 provides in essence that an Affiliate (as such term is defined in Rule 144(a)(1)) of an issuer who has held restricted securities for a period of at least six months may, under certain conditions, sell every three months, in brokerage transactions, a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of 1% of a company’s outstanding shares of common stock or the average weekly trading volume during the four calendar weeks prior to the sale. Rule 144 also permits, under certain circumstances, the sale of securities, without any limitation, by a person who is not an Affiliate of the company and who has satisfied a one-year holding period. The resale of significant amounts of our common stock under Rule 144 or under any other exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, if available, or pursuant to subsequent registrations of our shares of common stock, could cause the market price of our shares of common stock to decline significantly.

We currently do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock. As a result, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment is if the price of our common stock appreciates.

We currently do not expect to declare or pay dividends on our common stock. In addition, in the future we may enter into agreements that prohibit or restrict our ability to declare or pay dividends on our common stock. As a result, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment will be if the market price of our common stock appreciates and you sell your shares at a profit.

You may experience dilution of your ownership interest due to the future issuance of additional shares of our common stock.

We are in a capital-intensive business and we do not have sufficient funds to finance the growth of our business or the costs of our development projects or to support our projected capital expenditures indefinitely. As a result, we will very likely require additional funds from future equity or debt financings, which may include the issuance of shares of preferred stock, convertible debt, or warrants to purchase shares of common stock, to purchase capital equipment, complete the development of new products and pay the general and administrative costs of our business. We may in the future issue our previously authorized and unissued securities, resulting in the dilution of the ownership interests of holders of our common stock. We are currently authorized to issue 250,000,000 shares of common stock. The potential issuance of such additional shares of common stock or of preferred stock or convertible debt may create downward pressure on the market price of our common stock. We may also issue additional shares of common stock or other securities that are convertible into or exercisable for common stock in future public offerings or private placements for capital raising purposes or for other business purposes. The future issuance of a substantial number of shares of common stock or the sale of a substantial number of shares in the public market, or the perception that such issuances or sales could occur, could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock. A decline in the market price of our common stock could make it more difficult to raise funds through future offerings of our common shares or securities convertible into common stock.

In addition, these new securities could contain provisions, such as priorities on distributions and voting rights, that could affect the value of our existing common stock.

Our executive officers and directors possess significant voting power with respect to our common stock, which will limit your influence on corporate matters.

As of March 28, 2024, our directors and executive officers collectively beneficially own approximately 31.8% of the shares of our common stock including the beneficial ownership of Mr. Liscouski of 3.5% of the shares of our common stock and Dr. Yuping Huang of 25.0% of the shares of our common stock.

As a result, our insiders have the ability to significantly influence our management and affairs through the election and removal of the members of our board of directors (the “Board”) and all other matters requiring stockholder approval, including any future merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentrated voting power could discourage others from initiating any potential merger, takeover or other change-of-control transaction that may otherwise be beneficial to our stockholders. Furthermore, this concentrated control will limit the practical effect of your influence over our business and affairs, through any stockholder vote or otherwise. Any of these effects could depress the market price of our common stock.

Our articles of incorporation grant the Board the power to issue additional shares of common and preferred shares and to designate other classes of preferred shares, all without stockholder approval.

Our authorized capital consists of 260,000,000 shares of capital stock of which 10,000,000 shares are authorized as preferred stock. The Board, without any action by our stockholders, may designate and issue shares of preferred stock in such series as it deems appropriate and establish the rights, preferences and privileges of such shares, including dividends, liquidation and voting rights, provided it is consistent with Delaware law.

The rights of holders of our preferred stock that may be issued could be superior to the rights of holders of our shares of common stock. The designation and issuance of shares of capital stock having preferential rights could adversely affect other rights appurtenant to shares of our common stock. Furthermore, any issuances of additional stock (common or preferred) will dilute the percentage of ownership interest of then-current holders of our capital stock and may dilute our book value per share.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

Not applicable

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

A robust and consistent approach to cybersecurity is critical to achieving our strategic business objectives and protecting our intellectual property. As an advanced technology company developing quantum photonic products, we face a wide range of cybersecurity threats such as ransomware and denial-of-service attacks that affect most industry sectors, to attacks from highly sophisticated adversaries, including nation state actors, that target dual-use advanced technologies such as quantum computing. Our customers, suppliers and other business partners face similar cybersecurity threats, and a cybersecurity incident impacting us or any of these entities could materially adversely affect our operations, performance and results of operations. We are continually evaluating best practices and methods to protect the Company from a wide range of potential threats. Due to the risks that these cybersecurity threats pose to our business, we are investing in cyber defense systems and training programs.

The Board, through the Risk Committee, oversees the Company’s processes for identifying and mitigating risks, including cybersecurity risks. Company management periodically briefs the Board on our cybersecurity and information security policies and plans, and the Board is apprised of cybersecurity incidents deemed to have a moderate or higher business impact. In the event of an incident, the Company has developed an incident response plan, which sets forth the steps to be followed from incident detection and assessment to mitigation, recovery and notification and reporting, including notifying functional areas (e.g. legal), as well as senior leadership and the Board, as appropriate.

We continue to evaluate our cybersecurity requirements to address the evolving cybersecurity risks that the Company faces in an increasingly technically capable environment. The Company has implemented policies for its personnel, including awareness programs, travel security programs and other related cybersecurity best practices. The information technology team manages the Company’s cybersecurity policies, including employee training, with the ultimate goal of preventing cybersecurity incidents, if possible, while also maintaining IT system performance and data integrity to minimize the business impact should an incident occur. The Company is coordinating closely with the Board’s Risk Committee to ensure that the Company will implement the appropriate cybersecurity technologies to protect the Company and its intellectual property.

Third parties play an important role in our cybersecurity program. We engage third-party services to conduct evaluations of our security controls, including penetration testing and consulting on best practices. The third-party services include testing both the design and operational effectiveness of security controls.

Although we take cybersecurity risks seriously, we may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on the Company. While the Company maintains cybersecurity insurance, the costs related to cybersecurity threats or disruptions may not be fully insured. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” for a discussion of cybersecurity risks.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

We maintain our current principal office at 5 Marine View Plaza, Suite 214, Hoboken, NJ 07030. The Company leases 7,503 square feet of office and laboratory space in a multistory, multi-tenant building in Hoboken, NJ under a five-year lease. Additionally, the Company has a fully executed lease for 9,261 square feet of office, laboratory and clean room space in a multi-tenant building in Tempe, AZ for 51-months, which will commence upon substantial completion of tenant improvements. The Company also has multiple leases or membership agreements in multi-tenant facilities that provides 24/7 furnished co-working space, conference room space, and other services on an as-needed basis, including approximately 350 square feet under a month-to-month lease in Leesburg, VA, approximately 300 square feet under a short-term agreement in Arlington, VA, and approximately 450 square feet under an annual operating lease in Minneapolis, MN.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

Except as listed below, there is no action, suit, or proceeding by any court, public board, government agency, self-regulatory organization or body pending or, to the knowledge of the executive officers of the Company or our subsidiaries, threatened against or affecting the Company, our common stock, our subsidiaries, or the Company’s or its subsidiaries’ officers or directors in their capacities as such, in which an adverse decision could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

BV Advisory Partners, LLC (“BV Advisory”) was purportedly a shareholder of QPhoton, the predecessor in interest to QPhoton, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (both referred to as “QPhoton” in this Legal Proceedings discussion). On October 13, 2022, BV Advisory filed a petition in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware seeking appraisal rights on the shares of common stock of QPhoton it allegedly owns (which shares represented 10% of the shares of common stock of QPhoton outstanding immediately prior to the Company’s acquisition of QPhoton) pursuant to Section 262 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. The parties are currently engaged in discovery and the Company does not have sufficient information to assess the potential impact of the appraisal demand at this time.

In addition, on March 1, 2021, QPhoton entered into a Note Purchase Agreement with BV Advisory. Under the Note Purchase Agreement, on March 1, 2021, March 23, 2021 and July 9, 2021, QPhoton and BV Advisory entered into convertible promissory notes for $200,592, $150,000, and $150,000, respectively, for a total of $500,592 (the “BV Notes”). The BV Notes all bore interest at a rate of 6% per annum and matured two years from the grant date.

On June 16, 2022, the effective date of our acquisition of QPhoton, QPhoton tendered a cashier’s check to BV Advisory in the amount of $535,684.24, representing the full principal balance of the BV Notes and accrued interest through June 16, 2022. BV subsequently filed suit against the Company disputing the calculation of the payment amount and asserting other claims.

On August 16, 2022, BV Advisory filed a complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware naming the Company and certain of its directors and officers (among others) as defendants (the “Lawsuit”). BV Advisory is seeking, among other relief, monetary damages for an alleged breach of the Note Purchase Agreement between BV Advisory and QPhoton, as well as monetary damages for alleged breach of an alleged binding letter of intent among Barksdale Global Holdings, LLC (“BGH”), Inference Ventures, LLC (“Inference Ventures”) and QPhoton. BV Advisory and its affiliates claim that pursuant to the letter of intent they had the right to acquire additional shares in QPhoton by investing $2.5 million in QPhoton. BV Advisory claims QPhoton refused to allow BV Advisory to purchase the equity. However, BV Advisory never made the additional investment in QPhoton. The Company believes that BV Advisory’s claims have no merit and intends to defend itself vigorously. Moreover, the Company believes that numerous alleged facts and characterizations set forth in BV Advisory’s complaint are false, misleading and intentionally designed to damage the Company’s reputation, and the Company categorically rejects those alleged facts and characterizations. The Company further believes that Mr. Barksdale misrepresented his role with QPhoton and his authority to negotiate on behalf of QPhoton in order to arrogate to BV Advisory and related parties a larger share of the QPhoton merger consideration. The Company has filed a motion to dismiss the Lawsuit, and that motion to dismiss is currently under consideration by the court.

On December 30, 2022 the Company, QPhoton and Robert Liscouski (the “Quantum Plaintiffs”) filed suit in the Superior Court of New Jersey (the “NJ Court”) against Keith Barksdale, Michael Kotlarz, BV Advisory, BGH, Power Analytics Global Corporation (“PAG”), and Inference Ventures (and together with Barksdale, Kotlarz, BV Advisory, BGH, and PAG the “BV Defendants”), alleging fraud, aiding and abetting fraud, defamation, and conspiracy to defraud, seeking monetary and injunctive relief. The Company claims that the BV Defendants have made numerous public statements defaming the Company and its management in furtherance of a plan to manipulate the trading prices of the Company’s common stock, and that the BV Defendants misrepresented their ownership in QPhoton and conspired to acquire additional shares of QPhoton at the Company’s expense. The BV Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on March 24, 2023, and on June 5, 2023, the NJ Court largely denied the BV Defendants’ motion. On January 31, 2024, the BV Defendants filed a motion for reconsideration of their motion to dismiss. On March 7, 2024, the NJ Court issued an order, granting the BV Defendant’s motion dismissing the Company’s case on procedural grounds because, according to the NJ Court, the Company can assert its claims. The Company has 45 days in which to file an appeal and is evaluating whether it should file the claims in Delaware or appeal the NJ Court’s ruling. The Company does not have sufficient information at this time to assess the potential impact of the action against the BV Defendants.

On July 27, 2023, BV Advisory and its managing member, Keith Barksdale, as alleged stockholders of and claimants against the Company, filed a petition in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware to appoint a receiver for the Company based on allegations that the Company is insolvent due to purported poor corporate governance and cash management. The petition also objects to the Company’s approach to raising capital. In a related motion, the petitioners also sought expedited treatment of the petition on July 28, 2023, alleging that they face a threat of irreparable harm. The Company strongly disagrees with the allegations in the petition and plans to vigorously defend ourselves against these claims. On August 23, 2023, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the petition and on September 13, 2023, it submitted a brief in opposition to the motion to expedite. The Company intends to vigorously defend itself against the allegations in the petition. The Company’s motion to dismiss and BV Advisory’s motion for expedited treatment were argued before the Court on October 11, 2023. The Court denied BV Advisory’s motion to expedite and took the Company’s motion to dismiss under advisement.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “QUBT” and commenced trading on July 15, 2021.

Authorized Capital

The Company is authorized by its Certificate of Incorporation to issue an aggregate of 250,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 10,000,000 shares of blank check preferred, of which 1,550,000 shares are designated as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 3,079,864 shares are designated as Series B Preferred Stock. As of March 28, 2024, 91,357,640 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding, 1,407,221 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred stock were issued and outstanding and no shares of Series B Preferred Stock are issued and outstanding.

Holders of Common Equity

As of March 28, 2024, there were approximately 263 stockholders of record of our common stock. Because shares of our common stock are held by depositaries, brokers and other nominees, the number of beneficial holders of our shares is substantially larger than the number of stockholders of record.

Dividend Information

We have not paid any cash dividends to our holders of common stock. The declaration of any future cash dividends is at the discretion of the Board and depends upon our earnings, if any, our capital requirements and financial position, our general economic condition, and other pertinent conditions. It is our present intention not to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, but rather to reinvest earnings, if any, in our business operations.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we have issued securities that were not registered under the Securities Act, all of which were previously disclosed in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or a Current Report on Form 8-K.

ITEM 6. [Reserved]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis of the results of operations and financial condition for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes to those consolidated financial statements that are included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Our discussion includes forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors. See “Forward-Looking Statements.”

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K,

When we say “we,” “us,” “our,” “Company,” or “QCi,” we mean Quantum Computing Inc.

Overview

QCi is a development stage company with limited operations and revenue. The Company is developing quantum machines for high-performance computing applications based on proprietary photonics technology. QCi’s products are designed to operate at room temperature and low power at an affordable cost in the areas of high-performance computing, sensing and imaging, and quantum cybersecurity. The Company has generated some revenue based on sales of products and related services to date and is expanding its sales and marketing efforts. The Company’s development team includes optical engineers, mathematicians, physicists, and software developers.

Results of Operations

Years Ended December 31, 2023 vs. December 31, 2022

Revenues

	For the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023					For the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	Amount		Mix			Amount		Mix			Change
Products		4,500		1	%		0		0	%		0	%

Services		353,547		99	%		135,648		100	%			%
Total	$	358,047		100	%	$	135,648		100.0	%			%

Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $358,047 compared to $135,648 for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $222,399, or 164%. Revenue was derived from sales of hardware products and professional services in 2023, and solely from professional services in 2022, in each case provided to multiple commercial and government customers under multi-month contracts; the year-over-year change was riven by increases in short-term contractual service revenue. In 2023, QCi continued to execute its business strategy to provide quantum-ready solutions for solving real-world problems. While we have made significant progress toward this overarching objective, the generation of revenue from customers has been slow to develop, in part due to the fact that quantum computing is a cutting-edge technology for most potential customers, who are therefore proceeding cautiously with small, exploratory contracts to better understand its applicability to their requirements. Accordingly, the Company has focused on providing professional services to introduce customers to quantum-based solutions to their operating needs, and on customer education and building customer awareness as a means to generating sales. The Company has completed its discovery and research phase and is now transitioning towards commercialization. We have developed and released multiple products and are now in the process of marketing them. We expect revenues to increase meaningfully in 2024 as we continue to emphasize our hardware capability.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues, which consists of labor consumed to fulfill our obligations under contractual service agreements as well as the component parts of finished goods sold, was $195,640 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $60,934 for the prior year, an increase of $134,706, or 221%. Cost of revenues for each of the years ending December 31, 2023 and 2022 consists primarily of salary expense. The increase for 2023 was predominantly driven by the execution of new government service contracts. Cost of revenue for these services was contractually structured and limited to the direct salaries and actual hours worked to fulfill the work orders. Rates for these services remained materially unchanged year over year, with contract volume being the driver of growth.

Gross Margin

Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $162,407 compared to $74,714 for the prior year, an increase of $87,693, or 117%. On a percentage basis, gross margin was 45%, a decrease of 10% year-over-year. The change was nearly entirely the result of the shift to contractual service revenue where the cost of goods sold was defined under the terms of our general professional services obligation. Our lack of a scaled and distributed base of revenue generation by product and sales channel can result in large swings in gross margin between reporting periods.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $27,383,684 compared to $36,654,056 for the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $9,270,372 or 25%. The decrease in operating expenses was almost entirely driven by a $9,038,701 decrease in stock-based compensation expenses, which was driven mainly by higher value stock option awards in 2022 compared to 2023. Decreases of $1,399,208 in selling, general and administrative expenses, primarily as a result of $574,428 through stream-lining of marketing activities and sales roles, and $704,975 in professional services, primarily as a result of non-recurring legal expenses during 2022 related to the QPhoton Merger, also contributed to the decrease in operating expenses during 2023 compared to the prior year. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in research and development spending year-over-year of $1,885,909 driven by increased salary expenses as the Company expanded its capability to deliver commercialized hardware products.

Net Loss

Our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $29,730,672 compared to a net loss of $38,593,700 for the prior year, a decrease of $8,863,029 or 23%. The decrease in net loss is primarily due to the decrease in operating expenses, noted above, partially offset by $513,709 net increase in financing costs driven by amortization of the $750,000 original issue discount included in the principal balance of the unsecured promissory note (the “Streeterville Unsecured Note”) that we issued to Streeterville Capital, LLC in the initial principal amount of $8,250,000 in September 2022, which bears interest at 10% per annum.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred net losses and experienced negative cash flows from operations since inception. To date, since February 2018, the Company has raised $57,424,924 through private placements of equity and $12,633,000 through private placements of Convertible Promissory Notes and other debt for a total of $70,057,924 through December 31, 2023. The Company has no lines of credit, and $2,496,480 in short-term debt obligations outstanding. We expect to incur additional losses and higher operating expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in research and development and go-to-market programs. We have determined that additional financing will be required to fund our operations for the next 12 months and our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon obtaining additional capital and financing. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $2,059,285.

Our primary uses of cash are to fund our operations as we continue to grow our business. We will require a significant amount of cash for expenditures as we invest in ongoing research and development and non-linear quantum optical chips and fund business operations. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from sales or subscriptions of our hardware offerings, we expect to finance our cash needs through public and/or private equity and/or debt financings or other capital sources, including but not limited to U.S. government grant and loan programs. However, we may be unable to raise sufficient funds or enter into such other arrangements, when needed, on favorable terms, or at all. In particular, uncertain and unfavorable conditions in the United States and global macroeconomic environment, including inflationary pressures, rising interest rates, banking collapses, and financial and credit market fluctuations, could reduce our ability to access capital on favorable terms, or at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be, or could be, diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, or substantially reduce our quantum computing development and go-to-market efforts.

The following table summarizes total current assets, liabilities and working capital at December 31, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022:

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022		Increase/ (Decrease)
Current Assets	$	3,181,748		$	5,728,536	$	(2,546,788	)
Current Liabilities	$	4,619,637		$	5,319,245	$	(699,608	)
Working Capital (Deficit)	$	(1,437,889	)	$	409,291	$	(1,847,180	)

At December 31, 2023, we had a working capital deficit of $2,546,788 as compared to working capital of $409,29 at December 31, 2022, a decrease of $1,847,180. The decrease in working capital is primarily attributable to the use of cash to pay for operating expenses and capital investments in property and equipment, satisfaction of accrued expense liabilities and the Streeterville Unsecured Note becoming a current portion of long-term debt payable.

Our independent registered public accounting firm included an explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, noting the existence of substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. This uncertainty arose from management’s review of our results of operations and financial condition and its conclusion that, based on our operating plans, we did not have sufficient existing working capital to sustain operations for a period of twelve months from the date of the issuance of these financial statements.

Cash Flows

Net cash used in operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $19,940,521 and $17,240,117, respectively, in each case primarily as a result of our net loss in each year offset by noncash adjustments for stock-based compensation, depreciation of property, plant and equipment and amortization of intangibles.

Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $2,617,990 and $2,225,758, respectively. Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 was attributable to acquisition of laboratory and production equipment for $2,117,990 and our $500,000 loan to millionways, Inc (“millionways”). in June 2023. On June 6, 2023, the Company entered into a Note Purchase Agreement with millionways pursuant to which the Company agreed to purchase from millionways up to three unsecured promissory in an aggregate principal amount of up to $2,000,000, subject to the terms and conditions thereof. On June 6, 2023, the Company purchased the notes from millionways and loaned it an aggregate principal amount of $500,000. This followed the Company’s entry into a Summary of Proposed Terms with millionways on May 16, 2023, to provide bridge loans to millionways and enter into due diligence to acquire up to 100% of the AI firm.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $19,309,330 compared to $8,035,684 during the year ended December 31, 2022. Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 was attributable to $25,496,364 received from the sale of shares of our common stock through our At-The-Market (ATM) facility, managed by Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC (net the 3% fee paid to Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC), partially offset by repayments of $6,187,034 on the Streeterville Unsecured Note. During the year ended December 31, 2022, cash provided by financing activities was primarily attributable to the funds we received from the issuance of the Streeterville Unsecured Note.

The Company has funded our operations primarily through the sale of our equity (or equity linked) and debt securities. As of March 28, 2024, we had cash on hand of approximately $6,554,651. We have approximately $74,977 in monthly lease and other mandatory payments, not including payroll, employee benefits and ordinary expenses which are due monthly.

On a long-term basis, our liquidity is dependent on continuation and expansion of operations and receipt of revenues. Demand for the products and services will be dependent on, among other things, market acceptance of our products and services, the technology market in general, and general economic conditions, which are cyclical in nature. In as much as a major portion of our activities will be the receipt of revenues from the sales of our products and services, our business operations may be adversely affected by our competitors and prolonged recession periods.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Certain of our accounting policies require the application of significant judgment by our management, and such judgments are reflected in the amounts reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements. In applying these policies, our management uses judgment to determine the appropriate assumptions to be used in the determination of estimates. Those estimates are based on our historical experience, terms of existing contracts, our observance of market trends, information provided by our strategic partners and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate. Actual results may differ significantly from the estimates contained in our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Fair Value of Options and Derivatives

The Company uses the Black-Scholes model to calculate the fair value of stock options and derivatives. The Black-Scholes model, developed in 1973, is a differential equation which requires five input variables, the strike price of an option, the current stock price, the time to expiration, the risk-free rate, and the volatility of the Company common stock. The Black-Scholes model is widely used for pricing options but it does rely on certain assumptions about the market which may not be correct over time. Specifically,

●

No dividends are paid out during the life of the option.

●

Markets are random (i.e., market movements cannot be predicted).

●

There are no transaction costs in buying the option.

●

The risk-free rate and volatility of the underlying asset are known and constant.

●

The returns of the underlying asset are normally distributed.

●

The option is European and can only be exercised at the expiration date.

To the extent that any of these assumptions is not correct, that could result in the overpricing or underpricing of the stock options involved. The assumption that the risk-free rate (the Company uses the one-year U.S. Treasury Bill rate as a proxy for the risk-free rate) can vary over time, and if the T-Bill rate varies substantially over the life of the stock option that could affect the pricing. Similarly, the volatility of the Company’s common stock, also known as the Beta, has moved within a limited range over the past year, but the volatility of any security can change over time, which would affect the option pricing calculation. Another critical estimate relating to option pricing is the default rate, which means the estimate of granted options that will either expire unexercised, or be forfeited, over the life of the stock options. If the Company’s estimate of the default rate turns out to be substantially different from the actual, experienced default rate, that could result in over- or under-estimating the total option expense.

The Black-Scholes model is not the only available approach for pricing stock options, the Company could have used a Binomial pricing model or a Monte Carlo simulation model. However, there is no assurance that either a Binomial or Monte Carlo pricing approach would be more accurate than the Black-Scholes model over time. Moreover, both the Binomial model, which calculates the price of an option at each point in time during the option period, or the Monte Carlo model, which simulates the possible movements in future stock prices and uses them to calculate the option value, rely on critical assumptions. The Binomial model assumes that stock markets are perfectly efficient, which may not hold for all periods of time. The Monte Carlo simulation model assumes changes in stock prices over time cannot be predicted from the historical trends (known as a “random walk”), which also may not hold for all periods.

SEC Form 10-K filed by Quantum Computing Inc.