xbit20251231

xbit20251231_10k.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_________________________

FORM 10-K

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☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

☐ Transaction Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission file number 001-37437

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XBIOTECH INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

British Columbia, Canada	N/A
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

5217 Winnebago Ln, Austin, TX 78744

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Telephone Number (512) 386-2900

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each classu	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, no par value	XBIT	NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐		Accelerated filer ☐		Non-accelerated filer ☒		Smaller Reporting Company ☒
						Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2025, was approximately $77,050,226, based upon the closing sales price for the registrant’s common stock, as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market. The calculation of the aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity excludes 4,544,894 shares of common stock the registrant held by executive officers, directors and shareholders that the registrant concluded were affiliates of the registrant on that date. Exclusion of such shares should not be construed to indicate that any such person possesses the power, direct or indirect, to direct or cause the direction of management or policies of the registrant or that such person is controlled by or under common control with the registrant.

As of March 13, 2026, 30,487,731 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock were outstanding.

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Documents incorporated by reference:

Certain portions, as expressly described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2026 Annual Meeting of the Stockholders, to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the year covered by this Annual Report, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report where indicated.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS	6
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS	9
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	32
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY	32
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES	33
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	33
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	33

PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	34
ITEM 6. RESERVED	34
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	34
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS	41
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	42
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	58
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.	58
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION	59
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS	59

PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	60
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	60
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	60
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	60
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	60

PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	61
ITEM 16. FORM 10–K SUMMARY	64

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and is subject to the safe harbor created by those sections. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this annual report, including, without limitation, statements regarding the assumptions we make about our business and economic model, our dividend policy, business strategy and other plans and objectives for our future operations, are forward-looking statements for purposes of federal and state securities laws.

Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements about our plans, objectives, expectations, assumptions or future events. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “expects,” “plans,” “contemplate,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “projects,” “intend” or “continue” or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology denoting uncertainty or an action that may, will or is expected to occur in the future, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Forward-looking statements are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties in predicting future results and conditions that could cause the actual results to differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Some, but not all, examples of the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report include, among other things, statements about the following:

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our ability to obtain regulatory approval to market and sell our product candidates in the United States, Europe and elsewhere;

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the initiation, timing, cost, progress and success of our research and development programs, preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates;

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our ability to advance product candidates into, and successfully complete, clinical trials;

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our ability to successfully commercialize the sale of our product candidates in the United States, Europe and elsewhere;

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our ability to recruit sufficient numbers of patients for our future clinical trials for our pharmaceutical products;

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our ability to achieve profitability;

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the implementation of our business model and strategic plans;

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our ability to develop and commercialize product candidates for orphan and niche indications independently;

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our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy;

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our ability to protect our intellectual property and operate our business without infringing upon the intellectual property rights of others;

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our expectations regarding federal, state and foreign regulatory requirements;

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the therapeutic benefits, effectiveness and safety of our product candidates;

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the accuracy of our estimates of the size and characteristics of the markets that may be addressed by our products and product candidates;

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the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of our future products, if any;

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our expectations regarding market risk, including interest rate changes, foreign currency fluctuations and regional or global economic impacts caused by public health threats, such as the outbreak of coronavirus or other infectious diseases;

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our ability to engage and retain the employees required to grow our business;

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our future financial performance and projected expenditures;

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developments relating to our competitors and our industry, including the success of competing therapies that are or become available; and

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estimates of our expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and our needs for additional financing.

The ultimate correctness of these forward-looking statements depends upon a number of known and unknown risks and events. When reviewing the discussion below, you should keep in mind the substantial risks and uncertainties that impact our business. In particular, we encourage you to review the risks and uncertainties described in the “Risk Factors” and the other cautionary statements made in this annual report in our other SEC filings as being applicable to all related forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this annual report. We cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this annual report will prove to be accurate and therefore you are encouraged not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. You should read this annual report completely.

The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Nonetheless, we reserve the right to make such updates from time to time by press release, periodic report, or other method of public disclosure without the need for specific reference to this Quarterly Report. No such update shall be deemed to indicate that other statements not addressed by such update is incorrect or create an obligation to provide any other updates.

The information included in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes contained in this annual report.

PART I

ITEM 1.

BUSINESS

Overview

XBiotech Inc. (“XBiotech” or the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company that discovers and develops True Human™ monoclonal antibodies for treating a variety of diseases. XBiotech was incorporated in Canada on March 22, 2005. The Company’s Internet address is www.xbiotech.com. The Company makes available free of charge on or through its website its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as well as proxy statements, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company’s website is included in this annual report on Form 10-K as an inactive textual reference only. The information on, or accessible through, the Company’s website is not a part of, or incorporated by reference in, this annual report on Form 10-K. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains these reports at http://www.sec.gov.

XBiotech’s True Human™ monoclonal antibodies are derived from human donors that mount a natural human immune response. All other marketed antibody therapeutics are derived from animal immunization. It is intuitive that naturally occurring human antibodies have the potential to be safer, more effective and faster to develop than animal engineered counterparts. XBiotech has developed a pipeline of product candidates targeting both inflammatory and infectious diseases. The Company has also developed manufacturing technology that reduces the cost and time to launch new product candidates. The Company designed and built a state-of-the-art research and manufacturing center at its Company’s 48 acre research campus in Austin, Texas. XBiotech is thus a fully integrated developer of biopharmaceuticals.

An area of medical focus for XBiotech are therapies that block a potent substance, known as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1a), that mediates a number of pathophysiological processes including tissue breakdown (ie. synovium, cartilage, bone), paraneoplastic angiogenesis and tumor stroma remodeling, formation of blood clots, malaise, muscle wasting and general inflammation. IL-1a is a protein that is on or in cells of the body and is involved in the body’s response to injury or trauma. In many chronic (eg. arthritis) and acute injury scenarios (eg. stroke), IL-1a may mediate harmful disease-related activity.

At the end of 2019, XBiotech sold a True Human^TM antibody therapeutic it was developing that targeted IL-1a for $750 million in cash and $600 million potential milestone payments. In a unique deal structure, XBiotech agreed to not further develop any anti-IL-1a antibodies for dermatology, while XBiotech remained free to discover and develop new True Human^TManti-IL-1a antibodies for use in areas of medicine outside of dermatology. The Company quickly identified new IL-1a targeting product candidates and has already brought these into clinical studies under INDs in oncology, rheumatology and neurology. While the Company previously was focused on a single True Human^TM antibody targeting IL-1a, it is now developing in parallel two anti-IL-1a product candidates and may develop one or more others. Since IL-1a is involved in the pathology of multiple diseases, the Company believes it makes business sense to use different anti-IL-1a antibodies for specific areas of medicine, allowing potential partnership or sale of each antibody separately for different disease indications.

Financial

XBiotech’s sale of its True Human^TM antibody Bermekimab generated a total $750 million in income between December 30, 2019 and June 30, 2021. Since 2020, the Company has returned a total of $495 million to its shareholders through a combination of stock repurchase and dividends. The remaining cash is being used for ongoing operations as part of a multi-year business plan to identify and commercialize True Human™ antibodies, including new anti-Il-1a therapies.

Starting in 2020, XBiotech used its proprietary manufacturing technology, its manufacturing plant and infrastructure to produce drug product under a supply agreement for a world-leading pharmaceutical company. In addition, during 2020 and 2021 XBiotech provided clinical trial operations services for two Phase II clinical studies for the same drug company. In 2022 XBiotech extended the supply agreement. As of the end of 2023, these agreements concluded and XBiotech is no longer producing drug product or conducting contract clinical research under these agreements.

Development of IL-1a Therapies

IL-1a is a substance produced by the body that plays a key role in many disease processes. While it is naturally made by the body, when not properly controlled, and in situations of acute or chronic injury, IL-1a can contribute to the development and progression of a variety of medical conditions, such as cancer, stroke, heart attack or arthritis, to name a few. Completed clinical studies and myriad scientific research has shown that blocking IL-1a may have a beneficial effect in many medical conditions. The potential unmet medical need for blocking IL-1a is therefore very significant, on the scale of the anti-TNF therapies developed over the past twenty-five years.

In 2021, the Company commenced a clinical study with its Natrunix™ True Human™ antibody targeting IL-1⍺ in oncology (Pancreatic Cancer). The study was randomized, double-blinded and placebo controlled to provide a preliminary assessment of efficacy and safety for Natrunix in combination with chemotherapy in an advanced cancer population. The study was sized to include 60 subjects, intended to provide a preliminary assessment of efficacy. Database lock was performed and an announcement of the preliminary analysis of the data was made June 18, 2024. The last subject in the study had their last open label extension dose in April of 2025, completing 120 weeks of total dosing with excellent safety and efficacy. The company believes the findings from the study represent a potentially transformative approach to cancer management. Subjects treated with Natrunix had reduced hospitalization, fewer serious adverse events, longer periods of progression free survival and less incidence of severe diarrhea, compared to patients receiving placebo. The company further believes that the treatment effect is not specific to pancreatic cancer, and a similar effect may be seen in other solid tumors being treated with chemotherapy. An analogous therapy is G-CSF, originally developed by Amgen and approved in 1991. The therapy helped recovery of patients undergoing myelosuppressive chemotherapy and has been widely used ever since as an adjunct. The Company has been carefully considering an FDA regulatory path based on historical approvals and discussions are ongoing with the FDA for the future of Natrunix in oncology.

The Company launched a clinical Rheumatology program in August, 2023. A total of 233 subjects were enrolled into a double blind, placebo-controlled study to investigate the efficacy of Natrunix as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis in combination with a common prescription medication, methotrexate. The study was completed and an announcement of findings were made on December 23, 2024. The study aimed to demonstrate that Natrunix would significantly enhance treatment outcomes with reduced side effects of subjects already taking methotrexate. However, numerous enrollment irregularities were observed with major enrolling clinical sites. Further investigation of the sites led the Company to believe that widespread improprieties at clinical sites render the data uninterpretable. The Company continues to believe in the potential for Natrunix as a treatment for arthritic diseases.

XBiotech filed an investigational new drug application in 2022 for our True Human™ antibody Hutrukin. Hutrukin is a candidate therapeutic to reduce brain injury that occurs after reperfusion procedures used to treat stroke. The Company completed a phase I study at the end of 2023 that demonstrated high bolus doses of Hutrukin, similar to doses that would be given to prevent brain reperfusion injury in stroke therapy, are safe and well tolerated. Analysis of the data was completed in Q1 2024. The Company’s plan to launch a Phase II study in stroke during 2024 was put on hold until its regulatory path for its cancer and arthritis programs are clarified with the FDA.

Infectious Disease Pipeline

While market potential keeps XBiotech focused on anti-IL-1a therapies, unmet medical need and the potential for uniquely effective product candidates keeps the Company dedicated to advancing its infectious disease pipeline. The Company has identified several major areas of urgent unmet medical need for True Human™ anti-infective antibody therapies. Human antibodies protect all of us on a daily basis from infectious disease—and the Company continues to believe that its True Human™ analogues of naturally immunity may serve as an extremely effective means for supplementing infectious immunity—in compromised individuals—against numerous related infectious diseases, such as shingles, influenza and C. difficile. The XBiotech discovery process involves procuring donations from blood banks and screening blood samples from healthy donors for antibodies that exhibit exceptionally strong immunity to specific diseases.

True Human™ antibodies may be used to provide highly potent and targeted immunity against infectious diseases, including in the elderly, where natural immunity is waning; in young children where immunity has yet to develop; or even in otherwise healthy individuals, where infectious agents have overwhelmed natural immunity and where specially selected antibodies are needed to neutralize the infection (ie. Staphylococcus aureus). For the latter population, this can occur during intravenous drug use, from a deep puncture wound, or from the result of surgery, where bacteria have gained unnatural entry into a body compartment where it can establish and evade the immune system.

The Company currently has a clinical stage therapeutic for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and several pre-clinical stage therapeutics, including: an oral delivery antibody therapeutic for colon infection by C. difficile; an injectable therapy for varicella zoster (aka adult chicken pox), the causative agent for shingles; and an influenza therapy, designed to neutralize all known strains and variants of influenza that have been identified since the 1918 pandemic.

In the upcoming year, the company continues to work towards filing investigational new drug applications for its True Human™ antibodies against shingles and influenza.

Infrastructure

In 2022 XBiotech completed an expansion of its manufacturing and R&D center. The expansion resulted in the creation of two new wings: one provides state-of-the-art research laboratory for R&D scientists; another area provides administrative space for dozens of personnel working in manufacturing, clinical and other operations. The building additions have enhanced the Company’s ability to house a larger workforce, expand R&D activities and orchestrate the production of multiple drug products from its existing manufacturing and R&D center.

A Background on Therapeutic Antibodies

While antibody therapeutics have dominated drug development for the past 25 years, Kohler and Milstein probably never envisaged how difficult it would be to isolate and produce actual human antibodies. Today, in the $247 billion antibody market — apart from XBiotech’s True Human^TM antibodies — there is not a single antibody therapy derived from a natural human immune response: all are mouse derived and engineered, even those antibody therapies marketed as “human”. John Simard, founder and former CEO of XBiotech, recognized the potential to deliver a new generation of True Human^TM antibodies and founded XBiotech around the mission to develop the technology to isolate and clone individual antibodies from human blood samples. Today, XBiotech has identified and produced numerous True Human^TM antibodies candidate therapeutics that are derived from naturally immune individuals. XBiotech believes the greatest repository of medicines lies within the natural immune repertoire of the human body. The Company continues to catalogue and develop these True Human^TM antibodies, which it sees as the greatest untapped resource for a new generation of therapeutics.

Employees and Human Capital

Each member of our senior management team has been with XBiotech on average for more than 13 years, and each has been with the Company through the process of antibody discovery, manufacturing, formulation, preclinical development, regulatory submissions, human clinical trials and commercial sale. We believe that our employees’ collective knowledge of our business allows us to operate as among the most cost effective, efficient and capable operations in the biotechnology industry. Our board of directors (“Board”) includes individuals with significant industry, scientific and legal knowledge. As of December 31, 2025, we had a total of 85 total full-time employees. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining agreement, nor have we experienced any work stoppage. We believe that our relations with our employees are good.

We are committed to growing our business over the long term. As a result of the competitive nature of the industry in which we operate, employees have significant career mobility and as a result, the competition for experienced employees is great. The existence of this competition, and the need for talented and experienced employees to realize our business objectives, underlies the design and implementation of our compensation programs. At the same time, we seek to keep our approach to compensation simple and streamlined to reflect the still relatively moderate size of our company. We have compensation, leave and benefits programs necessary to attract and retain the talented and experienced employees necessary to develop our business including competitive salaries, stock options awards to permanent employees, both upon initial hiring and annually thereafter, and pay annual bonuses to permanent employees contingent on the achievement of corporate and/or personal objectives. We have developed an Employee Handbook that contains all corporate policies and guidelines for professional behavior. Our policies and practices apply to all employees, regardless of title. These guidelines include our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics which is posted on our payroll website.

ITEM 1A.

RISK FACTORS

Summary

The following summarizes some of the key risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect us. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.

Risks Related to our Business, Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

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We will incur significant losses during the development of our current pipeline in the foreseeable future.

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We currently have limited opportunities to generate revenue and may never sustain profitability.

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Our future success may be dependent on the regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates.

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New laws or regulations could impact on our ability to receive the necessary approvals to successfully market and commercialize our product candidates.

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Product candidates we advance into clinical trials may not have favorable results in clinical trials or receive regulatory approval. We have experienced prior setbacks and unfavorable outcomes in clinical trials and previously announced a pause in our rheumatology program in December 2024 following irregularities at clinical sites. We cannot assure that future clinical outcomes will be favorable.

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For various reasons, we may be unable to complete clinical trials on a timely basis, incurring higher costs and delayed development timelines.

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The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable.

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Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences prior to or following any marketing approval.

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Any product candidates that we commercialize may not receive coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payers.

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If we are unable to establish an effective sales force and marketing infrastructure or enter into acceptable third-party sales and marketing or licensing arrangements, we may be unable to create optimal revenue from FDA approved products.

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Approved product candidates may not achieve adequate market acceptance for commercial success.

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We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

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Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

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Crucial components used in our manufacturing process are acquired from vendors. There are few alternate sources of these components, and ongoing supply could be disrupted.

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We depend on key personnel to operate our business, and we may be unable to retain, attract and integrate qualified personnel.

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Failure to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations could subject us to fines, penalties or other costs.

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Our business may be disrupted by natural disasters, infrastructure interruptions, or other public health threats.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

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We may be unable to obtain or protect certain intellectual property rights.

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Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to any competitive advantage we may have.

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Our technology may be found to infringe upon third-party intellectual property rights.

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We may be unable to license needed intellectual property from third parties on commercially reasonable terms or at all, including intellectual property we in-license for manufacturing.

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If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position may be harmed.

Risks Related to Owning Shares of our Common Stock

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Our share price may be volatile, which could subject us to securities class action lawsuits and prevent you from being able to sell your shares at or above the price at which you purchased them.

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Our directors, executive officers and principal shareholders continue to have substantial control over our company and could hinder appropriate corporate control.

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Provisions in our charter documents under Canadian law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our shareholders, more difficult.

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Against the judgment of the Company, we may be considered a passive foreign investment company for US tax purposes which may negatively affect US investors.

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We are governed by the corporate laws in British Columbia, Canada which in some cases have a different effect on shareholders than the corporate laws in Delaware.

General Risk Factors

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Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

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Future sales, or the possibility of future sales, of a substantial number of our common stock could adversely affect the price of the shares and dilute shareholders.

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Any inability to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud due to a failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could cause shareholders to lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting.

Risks Related to our Business, Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

We have incurred significant losses since our inception and may incur significant losses in the future.

We are a pre-market pharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. We had no net income prior to the fourth quarter of 2019, when we sold certain assets to Janssen Biotech, Inc. and entered into certain related commercial agreements (the “Janssen Transaction”). Investment in pharmaceutical product development is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate efficacy or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable. We do not have any products approved by regulatory authorities for marketing or commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date, and we continue to incur significant research, development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. As a result, we incurred losses in every reporting period from our inception in 2005 through the third quarter of 2019. Although we were profitable during the fourth quarter and fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, due to the cash received in the Janssen Transaction, that was an extraordinary transaction outside of normal business operations that had never previously occurred and may not be repeated. We incurred a net loss for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and may incur operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate these expenses will increase as we continue the research and development of and seek regulatory approvals for our current and future product candidates in various indications, and potentially begin to commercialize any products that may achieve regulatory approval. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our financial condition. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenues. Our prior losses have had, and any future losses may continue to have, an adverse effect on our financial condition. If any of our product candidates fail in clinical trials or do not gain regulatory approval, or if approved fails to achieve market acceptance, we may never sustain profitability.

Since inception, we have dedicated the vast majority of our resources to the discovery and development of our proprietary preclinical and clinical product candidates, and we expect to continue to similarly expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future. These expenditures will include costs associated with conducting research and development, manufacturing product candidates, conducting preclinical experiments and clinical trials and obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals, as well as commercializing any products later approved for sale. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized approximately $47.4 million in expenses associated with research and development.

We completed our initial public offering on April 15, 2015 and additional registered offerings in March 2017 and May 2019. We also received a significant amount of cash proceeds from the sale of Bermekimab. However, the net proceeds from these transactions and cash on hand may not be sufficient to complete clinical development of any of our product candidates nor may it be sufficient to commercialize any product candidate. In addition, we completed a modified Dutch auction tender offer for our common shares in February 2020 and June 2023, which consumed $420 million and $14 thousand of our cash resources, respectively. We also distributed a $75 million cash dividend to our investors in July 2021. Accordingly, we may require substantial additional capital to continue our clinical development and potential commercialization activities. Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including but not limited to:

•	the number of future product candidates we pursue;

•	the scope, progress, results and costs of researching and developing any of our future product candidates, and conducting preclinical research and clinical trials;

•	the timing of, and the costs involved in, obtaining regulatory approvals for any future product candidates we develop;

•	the cost of future commercialization activities for our product candidates and the cost of commercializing any future products approved for sale;

•	the cost of manufacturing our future products; and

•	the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patents, including litigation costs and the outcome of any such litigation.

We are unable to accurately estimate the funds we will actually require to complete research and development of our product candidates or the funds required to commercialize any resulting product in the future or the funds that will be required to meet other expenses. Our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and our expenses may be higher than expected. Raising funds in the future may present additional challenges and future financing may not be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

We currently have no source of product revenue and may never sustain profitability.

To date, we have not generated any revenue from commercial product sales. Our ability to generate revenue in the future from product sales and achieve profitability will depend upon our ability, alone or with any future collaborators, to commercialize products successfully, including any current product candidates or any product candidates that we may develop, in-license or acquire in the future. Even if we are able to achieve regulatory approval for any current or future product candidates, we do not know when any of these products will generate revenue from product sales, if at all. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales from any of our product candidates also depends on a number of additional factors, including our ability to:

•	complete development activities, including the necessary clinical trials;

•	complete and submit new drug applications, or NDAs, to the US Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and obtain regulatory approval for indications for which there is a commercial market;

•	complete and submit applications to, and obtain regulatory approval from, foreign regulatory authorities such as the European Medicines Agency, or EMA;

•	establish our manufacturing operations;

•	develop a commercial organization capable of sales, marketing and distribution for our product candidates and any products for which we obtain marketing approval and intend to sell ourselves in the markets in which we choose to commercialize on our own;

•	find suitable distribution partners to help us market, sell and distribute our approved products in other markets;

•	obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payers, including government and private payers;

•	achieve market acceptance for our products, if any;

•	establish, maintain and protect our intellectual property rights; and

•	attract, hire and retain qualified personnel.

In addition, because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, including that our product candidates may not advance through development or achieve the endpoints of applicable clinical trials, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or if we will be able to sustain profitability. In addition, our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we decide to or are required by the FDA, or foreign regulatory authorities, to perform studies or trials in addition to those that we currently anticipate. Even if we are able to complete the development and regulatory process for our product candidates, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing these products.

Even if we are able to generate revenues from the sale of any of our product candidates that may be approved, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations. If we are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce our operations.

Our future success is dependent on the regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates.

We do not have any products that have gained regulatory approval. As a result, our ability to finance our operations and generate revenue, are substantially dependent on our ability to obtain regulatory approval for, and, if approved, to successfully commercialize our product candidates in a timely manner. We cannot commercialize our other product candidates in the U.S. without first obtaining regulatory approval for each product from the FDA; similarly, we cannot commercialize any product candidates outside of the U.S. without obtaining regulatory approval from comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including the EMA. The FDA review process typically takes years to complete and approval is never guaranteed. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any of our potential product candidates for a target indication, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence gathered in preclinical and well-controlled clinical studies, including two well-controlled Phase III studies, and, with respect to approval in the U.S. to the satisfaction of the FDA, and in Europe, to the satisfaction of the EMA, that the product candidate is safe and effective for use for that target indication; and that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls are adequate. Obtaining regulatory approval for marketing of our current or future product candidates in one country does not ensure we will be able to obtain regulatory approval in other countries. A failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in other countries.

Even if any of our product candidates were to successfully obtain approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, any approval might contain significant limitations related to use restrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, or may be subject to burdensome post-approval studies or risk management requirements. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates in one or more jurisdictions, or any approval contains significant limitations, we may not be able to obtain sufficient funding or generate sufficient revenue to continue the development of any of our other product candidates that we are developing or may discover, in-license, develop or acquire in the future. Also, any regulatory approval of our product candidates, once obtained, may be withdrawn. Furthermore, even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, their commercial success will depend on a number of factors, including the following:

•	development of a commercial organization within XBiotech or establishment of a commercial collaboration with a commercial infrastructure;

•	establishment of commercially viable pricing and obtaining approval for adequate reimbursement from third-party and government payers;

•	our ability to manufacture quantities of our product candidates using commercially satisfactory processes and at a scale sufficient to meet anticipated demand and enable us to reduce our cost of manufacturing;

•	our success in educating physicians and patients about the benefits, administration and use of our product candidates;

•	the availability, perceived advantages, relative cost, relative safety and relative efficacy of alternative and competing treatments;

•	the effectiveness of our own or our potential strategic collaborators’ marketing, sales and distribution strategy and operations;

•	acceptance as a safe and effective therapy by patients and the medical community; and

•	a continued acceptable safety profile following approval.

Many of these factors are beyond our control. If we are unable to successfully commercialize our product candidates, we may not be able to earn sufficient revenues to continue our business.

New laws or regulations may be promulgated or modified in the United States, in Europe, or other jurisdictions that could impact our ability to receive the necessary approvals to successfully market and commercialize our product candidates.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is one of the most regulated industries on a state, federal and international level. There are numberous laws, regulations, and court decisions which impact the daily activities of our business. As a result, we must ensure that strategies and planning in relation to our product candidates are in line with the current regulations governing our industry. When there are changes in leadership, whether within the U.S., or elsewhere, we must anticipate the possibility of shifts in regulatory policies as they pertain to our business. New or modified regulations may impact our ability to quickly respond with updates to our programs. While we may be able to anticipate certain changes, policy statements often are not always translated into actionable legislation. We continue to track updates and changes internally to ensure we are in compliance with regulatory authority guidelines and expectations. Court decisions at both the state and federal level can also impact the way in which we operate and make specific product related program decisions. New laws, regulations, or court orders could materially alter or impact our ability to receive necessary approvals from regulatory authorities to market and commercialize our product candidates.

Because the results of earlier clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, product candidates we advance into clinical trials, may not have favorable results in later clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.

Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will generate adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of an investigational drug. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources and experience, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials. We have also experienced prior setbacks in clinical trials and cannot assure that future clinical outcomes will demonstrate adequate efficacy and safety to justify further development efforts or to result in regulatory approval to market any of our product candidates in any particular jurisdiction. Even if we believe that we have adequate data to support an application for regulatory approval to market our product candidates, the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not agree and could require us to conduct additional research studies, including late-stage clinical trials. If late-stage clinical trials do not produce favorable results, our ability to achieve regulatory approval for any of our product candidates may be adversely impacted.

If we are unable to enroll subjects in clinical trials, we will be unable to complete these trials on a timely basis.

Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of subjects to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, ability to obtain and maintain patient consents, risk that enrolled subjects will drop out before completion, competing clinical trials and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. Furthermore, we rely on clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials, and while we have agreements governing their committed activities, we have limited influence over their actual, day-to-day performance. We have experience of previous difficulties with clinical sites and patient enrollment and cannot assure that such difficulties will not occur in future clinical trials. We may experience delays in starting-up clinical trial sites in a timely manner, enrolling subjects in our trials, and may not be able to enroll a sufficient number of subjects to complete the trials.

If we experience delays in the completion or if there is termination of, any clinical trial of any current or future product candidates, the commercial prospects of our product candidates will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates will be delayed. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product candidate development and approval process and could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales, which would impair our ability to generate revenues and may harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows and future prospects. In addition, many of the factors that could cause a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates.

The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business may fail.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities is unpredictable, but typically takes several years following the commencement of preclinical studies and clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities and any shifts in regulatory policy. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. We have not obtained regulatory approval for any product candidate, and it is possible that none of the product candidates we are developing or may discover, in-license or acquire and seek to develop in the future will ever obtain regulatory approval.

Our product candidates could fail to receive marketing approval from the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority for many reasons, including but not limited to:

•	disagreement over the design or implementation of our clinical trials;

•	failure to demonstrate that a product candidate is safe and effective;

•	failure of clinical trials to meet the level of statistical significance required for approval;

•	failure to demonstrate that a product candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;

•	disagreement over our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials;

•	disagreement over whether to accept efficacy results from clinical trial sites outside the United States where the standard of care is potentially different from that in the United States;

•	the insufficiency of data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates to support the submission and filing of an NDA or other submission or to obtain regulatory approval;

•	irreparable or critical compliance issues relating to our manufacturing and/clinical trial processes; or

•	changes in the approval policies or regulations that render our preclinical and clinical data insufficient for approval.

The FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may require more information, including additional preclinical or clinical data to support approval, which may delay or prevent approval and our commercialization plans, or we may decide to abandon the development program altogether. Even if we do obtain regulatory approval, our product candidates may be approved for fewer or more limited indications than we request, approved contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or approved with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate. In addition, if any of our product candidates produce undesirable side effects or safety issues, the FDA may require the establishment of Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may require the establishment of a similar strategy, that may, restrict distribution of our products and impose burdensome implementation requirements. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial prospects for our product candidates.

Even if we believe any completed, current or planned clinical trials are successful, the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may not agree that our completed clinical trials provide adequate data on the safety or efficacy of our product candidates, permitting us to proceed to additional clinical trials. Approval by comparable foreign regulatory authorities does not ensure approval by the FDA and approval by one or more foreign regulatory authorities does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or by the FDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative impact on the regulatory process in others. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals, and even if we file, we may not receive the necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.

Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authority. If toxicities occur in our current or future clinical trials they could cause delay or even the discontinuation of further development of our product candidates, which would impair our ability to generate revenues and would have a material adverse effect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows and future prospects. There can be no assurance that side effects from our product candidates in future clinical trials or that side effects in general will not prompt the discontinued development or possible market approval of our product candidates. If serious side effects or other safety or toxicity issues are experienced in our clinical trials in the future, we may not receive approval to market any of our product candidates, which could prevent us from ever generating revenues from commercial product sales or sustaining profitability. Results of our trials could reveal an unacceptably high severity and prevalence of side effects. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. The drug-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled subjects to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows and future prospects.

Additionally, if any of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such product, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

•	we may be forced to suspend marketing of such product;

•	regulatory authorities may withdraw their approvals of such product;

•	regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label that could diminish the usage or otherwise limit the commercial success of such product;

•	the FDA or other regulatory bodies may issue safety alerts, Dear Healthcare Provider letters, press releases or other communications containing warnings about such product;

•	the FDA may require the establishment or modification of REMS or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may require the establishment or modification of a similar strategy that may, for instance, restrict distribution of our product and impose burdensome implementation requirements on us;

•	we may be required to change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials;

•	we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to subjects or patients;

•	we may be subject to litigation or product liability claims; and

•	our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product candidate, if approved.

Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may still face future challenges, including ongoing regulatory oversight and marketing challenges.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, it would be subject to ongoing requirements by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities governing the manufacture, quality control, further development, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, import, export, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping and reporting of safety and other post-market information. The safety profile of any product will continue to be closely monitored by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities after approval. If the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities become aware of new safety information after approval of any product candidate, they may require labeling changes or establishment of a REMS or similar strategy, impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. For example, the label ultimately approved for any product candidate, if it achieves marketing approval, may include restrictions on use.

In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, and other regulations. If we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product, our manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we, our product candidates or our manufacturing facilities for our product candidates fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may:

•	issue warning letters or untitled letters;

•	impose restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product candidates;

•	mandate modifications to promotional materials or require us to provide corrective information to healthcare practitioners;

•	require us or any future collaborator to enter into a consent decree, which can include imposition of various fines, reimbursements for inspection costs, required due dates for specific actions and penalties for noncompliance;

•	seek an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines;

•	suspend or withdraw regulatory approval;

•	suspend any ongoing clinical trials;

•	refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to applications filed by us;

•	suspend or impose restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements; or

•	seize or detain products, refuse to permit the import or export of products, or require us to initiate a product recall.

The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate revenue.

The FDA strictly regulates the advertising and promotion of drug products, and drug products may only be marketed or promoted for their FDA approved uses, consistent with the product’s approved labeling. Advertising and promotion of any product candidate that obtains approval in the U.S., and is covered by federal insurance programs such as Medicare or Medicaid, will be heavily scrutinized by the FDA, the Department of Justice, (DOJ), the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, (HHS), state attorneys general, members of Congress and the public. Violations, including promotion of our products for unapproved or off-label uses, are subject to enforcement letters, inquiries and investigations, and civil, criminal and/or administrative sanctions by the FDA and/or the DOJ. Additionally, advertising and promotion of, any product candidate that obtains approval outside of the U.S. will be heavily scrutinized by comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

In the U.S., engaging in impermissible promotion of our future products for off-label uses can also subject us to false claims litigation under federal and state statutes, which can lead to civil, criminal and/or administrative penalties and fines and corporate integrity agreements that materially restrict the manner in which we promote or distribute our drug products. The federal False Claims Act, allows any individual to bring a lawsuit against a pharmaceutical company on behalf of the federal government alleging submission of false or fraudulent claims, or causing to present such false or fraudulent claims, for payment by a federal program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. If the government prevails in the lawsuit, the individual may share in any fines or settlement funds. Since 2004, False Claims Act lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies have increased significantly in volume and breadth, leading to several substantial civil and criminal settlements based on certain sales practices promoting off-label drug uses. This growth in litigation has increased the risk that a pharmaceutical company will have to defend a false claims action, pay settlement fines or restitution, agree to comply with burdensome reporting and compliance obligations, and be excluded from Medicare, Medicaid and other federal and state healthcare programs. If we do not lawfully promote our approved products, we may become subject to such litigation and, if we are not successful in defending against such actions, those actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows and future prospects.

Existing government regulations may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and/or be subject to fines or enhanced government oversight and reporting obligations, which would adversely affect our business, prospects and ability to sustain profitability.

Failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates from being marketed in those jurisdictions.

In order to market and sell our products in the European Union and many other jurisdictions, we must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process outside the U.S. generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. Additionally, in many countries outside the U.S., it is required that the product be approved for reimbursement before the product can be effectively commercialized in that country. Obtaining foreign regulatory approvals and compliance with foreign regulatory requirements could result in significant delays, difficulties and costs for us and could delay or prevent the introduction of our products in certain countries. We may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the U.S. on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the U.S. does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. A failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. We may not be able to file for marketing approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market. If we are unable to obtain approval of any of our product candidates by regulatory authorities in the European Union or another jurisdiction, the commercial prospects of that product candidate may be significantly diminished and our business prospects could decline.

Even if we are able to commercialize our product candidates, the products may not receive coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payers, which could harm our business.

Our ability to commercialize any products successfully will depend, in part, on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government authorities, private health insurers, health maintenance organizations and third-party payers. Patients who are prescribed medications for the treatment of their conditions generally rely on third-party payers to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their prescription drugs. Coverage and adequate reimbursement from government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and private health insurers are critical to new product acceptance. Patients are unlikely to use our product candidates unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of our product candidates. A primary trend in the US healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. As a result, government authorities and other third-party payers have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payers are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Third-party payers may also seek additional clinical evidence, beyond the data required to obtain marketing approval, demonstrating clinical benefits and value in specific patient populations before covering our products for those patients. We cannot be sure that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Coverage and reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. If coverage and reimbursement are not available or are available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval.

There may be significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Moreover, obtaining coverage does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sales and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also be insufficient to cover our costs, and may only be temporary. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used. Reimbursement rates may also be based in part on existing reimbursement amounts for lower cost drugs or may be bundled into the payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payers and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the U.S. Coverage and reimbursement for drug products can differ significantly from payer to payer. As a result, the coverage and reimbursement determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained or applied consistently. Third-party payers often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own coverage and reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payers for any approved products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products, and our overall financial condition.

We have never marketed a drug before, and if we are unable to establish an effective sales force and marketing infrastructure, or enter into acceptable third-party sales and marketing or licensing arrangements, we may be unable to generate any revenue.

We do not currently have a comprehensive infrastructure for the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical drug products. The cost of establishing and maintaining such an infrastructure may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any products that may be approved by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services for which we would incur substantial costs. If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate product revenue and may not sustain profitability. We will be competing with many companies that have extensive and well-funded sales and marketing operations. Without an internal commercial organization or the support of a third party to perform sales and marketing functions, or a combination of both, we may be unable to compete successfully against more established companies.

Our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve adequate market acceptance among physicians, patients, and healthcare payers and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, such product(s) may not gain market acceptance among physicians, healthcare payers, patients or the medical community within the U.S. or globally. Our commercial success also depends on coverage and adequate reimbursement of our product candidates by third-party payers, including government payers, generally, which may be difficult or time-consuming to obtain, may be limited in scope and may not be obtained in all jurisdictions in which we may seek to market our products. Market acceptance of any of our product candidates for which we receive approval depends on a number of factors, including:

•	the efficacy and safety of such product candidates as demonstrated in clinical trials;

•	the clinical indications for which the product candidate is approved;

•	acceptance by physicians and patients of the product candidate as a safe and effective treatment;

•	the potential and perceived advantages of product candidates over alternative treatments;

•	the safety of product candidates seen in a broader patient group, including a product candidate’s use outside the approved indications;

•	the prevalence and severity of any side effects;

•	product labeling or product insert requirements of the FDA or other regulatory authorities;

•	the timing of market introduction of our products as well as competitive products;

•	the cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments;

•	the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement and pricing by third-party payers and government authorities;

•	relative convenience and ease of administration;

•	the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts and those of our collaborators; and

•	unfavorable publicity relating to the product candidate or the Company.

If any of our product candidates are approved but fail to achieve market acceptance among physicians, patients, or healthcare payers, we will not be able to generate significant revenues, which would compromise our ability to sustain profitability.

Our research programs may not succeed.

XBiotech has positioned itself with a pipeline of potential drug candidates at various stages of development. Even though we have multiple drugs in development at this time, none of these research programs may succeed. There are several reasons why a drug program may fail, including the following:

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In the development stage, we may be unable to develop a therapy, which would mean us succeeding in isolating appropriate antibodies to reach the clinical trial stage;

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Any partnerships for the development of antibodies could fail to produce results that would necessitate clinical trials;

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We may not receive approval from regulatory bodies to move from early stage clinical trials to later stage clinical trials;

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Even if we are able to move to later stage clinical trials, it may prove to be difficult to enroll patients into the studies according to schedule, or at all;

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We have experienced prior difficulties with clinical sites and patient enrollment and cannot assure that such difficulties will not occur in future clinical trials.

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During the clinical trial, there could be unexpected serious adverse events causing severe injury or death in patients, requiring us to cease further enrollment or causing regulatory authorities to place the trial on clinical hold for an indefinite period of time;

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If a clinical trial is completed, we may not have the appropriate personnel to submit a marketing application to regulatory authorities for approval, and to further respond to the variety of follow up questions that regulatory authorities may have during the review process;

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Regulatory authorities may reject drug candidates for a variety of reasons, preventing us from proceeding with marketing and commercialization of approved products; and

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We may run out of the funds necessary to complete development for any of our potential drug candidates.

Even an effective drug candidate might not be commercially successful.

Even if we ultimately succeed in creating a safe and effective drug, as determined by regulatory authorities, based on our current product pipeline, there is no assurance it would be commercially successful. Competitive products might become available faster or with lower costs or adverse risks to patients, resulting in few sales of any product developed by XBiotech. Occurrences of certain disease indications, such as those in our pipeline, might become sufficiently rare, or victims might be sufficiently impoverished, that commercial production is uneconomic. Furthermore, we must have sufficient buy-in from patients and healthcare professionals to guarantee market exposure for our drug candidates. If the end-users are not reached with our products, then it will be difficult to generate revenue from our development efforts. And even though we could obtain regulatory approval for any of our drug candidates, it is not necessarily the case that government or third-party payers will decide to add our products to their respective prescription drug formularies for reimbursement, thus inhibiting the ability for our drug candidates to reach the target patient populations, and health care professionals serving those patients.

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before or more successfully than we do.

The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to our current or future product candidatesto treat any relevant indication(s). There are a number of large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell products or are pursuing the development of products for the treatment of the disease indications for which we are developing our future product candidates. Some of these competitive products and therapies are based on scientific approaches that are the same as or similar to our approach, and others are based on entirely different approaches. Potential competitors include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization.

More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their greater size, cash flows and institutional experience. Compared to us, many of our competitors may have significantly greater financial, technical and human resources. As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products before we do, which will limit our ability to develop or commercialize any of our product candidates. In addition, many companies are developing new therapeutics to supplant or expand upon the standard of care for a number of diseases, as a result, we cannot predict what the standard of care will be as our product candidates progress through clinical development.

Our failure to successfully identify, acquire, develop and commercialize additional product candidates or approved products could impair our ability to grow.

Although a substantial amount of our efforts will focus on the continued clinical testing and potential approval of our current product candidates, a key element of our growth strategy is to acquire, develop and/or market additional products and product candidates. All of these potential product candidates remain in the discovery and clinical study stages. Research programs to identify product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources, whether or not any product candidates are ultimately identified. Because our internal research capabilities are limited, we may be dependent upon pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic scientists and other researchers to sell or license products or technology to us. The success of this strategy depends partly upon our ability to identify, select and acquire promising pharmaceutical product candidates and products. The process of proposing, negotiating and implementing a license or acquisition of a product candidate or approved product is lengthy and complex. Other companies, including some with substantially greater financial, marketing and sales resources, may compete with us for the license or acquisition of product candidates and approved products. We have limited resources to identify and execute the acquisition or in-licensing of third-party products, businesses and technologies and integrate them into our current infrastructure. Moreover, we may devote resources to potential acquisitions or in-licensing opportunities that are never completed, or we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such efforts. Any product candidate that we acquire may require additional development efforts prior to commercial sale, including extensive clinical testing and approval by the FDA and applicable foreign regulatory authorities. All product candidates are prone to risks of failure typical of pharmaceutical product development, including the possibility that a product candidate will not be shown to be sufficiently safe and effective for approval by regulatory authorities. In addition, we cannot provide assurance that any products that we develop or approved products that we acquire will be manufactured profitably or achieve market acceptance.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. Product liability claims may be brought against us by subjects enrolled in our clinical trials, patients, healthcare providers or others using, administering or selling our products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

•	decreased demand for any product candidates or products that we may develop;

•	termination of clinical trial sites or entire clinical trial programs;

•	injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

•	withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

•	significant costs to defend the related litigation;

•	substantial monetary awards to clinical trial subjects or patients;

•	loss of revenue;

•	diversion of management and scientific resources from our business operations; and

•	the inability to commercialize our product candidates.

We will obtain insurance coverage for products to include the sale of commercial products if we obtain marketing approval for our product candidates, but we may be unable to obtain commercially reasonable product liability insurance for any products approved for marketing. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us, particularly if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash and adversely affect our business.

We will need to expand our operations and grow the size of our organization in the future, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth.

As of December 31, 2025, we had 85 employees. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, or as a result of any future acquisitions, we will need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, scientific, and financial headcount and other resources. Our management, personnel and systems currently in place may not be adequate to support this future growth. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:

•	managing our clinical trials effectively, which we anticipate potentially being conducted at numerous clinical sites on a global scale;

•	identifying, recruiting, maintaining, motivating and integrating additional employees with the expertise and experience we will require;

•	managing our internal development efforts effectively while complying with our contractual obligations to licensors, licensees, contractors and other third parties;

•	managing additional relationships with various strategic partners, suppliers and other third parties;

•	improving our managerial, development, operational and finance reporting systems and procedures; and

•	expanding our facilities.

Our failure to accomplish any of these tasks could prevent us from successfully growing our Company.

We may never achieve any of the potential milestone payments that were negotiated as a part of the Janssen Transaction.

As part of the Janssen Transaction, we are eligible to receive milestone payments of $150 million for each instance that Janssen, in its sole and absolute discretion, develops pharmaceutical products that contain Bermekimab and that are for non-dermatological indications, provided that Janssen receives certain required commercial authorizations for such products within a specified timeframe. We are entitled to earn up to four milestone payments, for a maximum of $600 million set to expire after twelve years in 2031. However, because the payment of these funds is subject to Janssen’s business decisions and discretion, as well as regulatory approvals and other factors outside our control, we may never receive any of these amounts. If we do not receive all or any of the milestone payments, we may be required to seek additional funding from other sources, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all.

We depend on key personnel to operate our business. If we are unable to retain, attract and integrate qualified personnel, our ability to develop and successfully grow our business could be harmed.

Our Chairman, John Simard, founded our Company and served as our Chief Executive Officer from the time of our founding until his retirement from that position on December 8, 2025. Mr. Simard has been critical to the strategic direction and overall management of our Company as well as our research and development process. Although Mr. Simard continues to serve in a consulting role with the Company pursuant to his employment agreement and remains Chairman, his departure as Chief Executive Officer and future departure from his other roles with the Company may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

We believe that our future success is also highly dependent on the contributions of other significant Company personnel, as well as our ability to attract and retain highly skilled and experienced sales, research and development and other personnel in the United States and abroad. Some of our significant employees include our Chief Scientific Officer and interim Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Sushma Shivaswamy, as well as our Vice President of Quality Assurance, our Vice President of Manufacturing, our Senior Vice President of Clinical Operations and Analytical Quality, and our Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer. Changes in our management team may be disruptive to our operations and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our employees are free to depart the Company at any time, subject to any applicable notice requirements, and their knowledge of our business and industry may be difficult to replace. If one or more of our executive officers or significant employees were to depart the Company, we may not be able to fully integrate new personnel or replicate the prior working relationships, and our operations could suffer. Qualified individuals with the breadth of skills and experience in the pharmaceutical industry that we require are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract them. Many of the other pharmaceutical companies that we compete against for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a longer history in the industry than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Our failure to attract and retain key personnel could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the U.S. and elsewhere, including, as a result of our leased laboratory space, those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes.

We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Although we maintain insurance for employee injury to cover us for costs and expenses, we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological or hazardous materials. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may also result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

Business disruptions caused by natural disasters, infrastructure interruptions or other public health threats could seriously harm our future revenues and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages or outages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, tornado, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics such as contagious disease outbreaks, and other natural or manmade disasters or business interruptions, for which we are predominantly self-insured. We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. We rely on third-parties to supply various items which are critical for producing our product candidates. Our ability to produce clinical supplies of product candidates could be disrupted, if the operations of these suppliers are affected by a man-made or natural disaster, a public health crisis or other business interruption. For example, the ongoing coronavirus threat has spread to a number of countries, including the United States and various countries in Europe, resulting in the declaration by the World Health Organization of a global pandemic and the announcement of extended travel restrictions, business shutdowns, cancellations and prohibitions of large public gatherings and declarations of states of emergency in cities, states and countries around the world. The imposition of any of these restrictions in one of the regions where our facilities or those of our third-party suppliers are located would have a disproportionately negative impact on us. The extent of the ultimate impact to us, our significant suppliers and our general infrastructure resulting from concentration in certain geographical areas is unknown and cannot be estimated, but our operations and financial condition would likely suffer in the event of a major earthquake, fire or other natural disaster or public health threat such as the coronavirus pandemic in one or more of those areas. Further, any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows from future prospects.

Policy and trade decisions by government entities, including the potential use and effects of tariffs, could materially impact the macroeconomic framework in which we operate.

Policy and trade decisions made by governments in the jurisdictions where we operate, including the United States and Canada, could affect the macroeconomic framework in which we operate and could impact our business and financial condition. It is possible, for example, that modifications of tariff policy and other U.S. governmental policies could impact our financial performance. Any trade disputes or significant changes in trade policies, through the implementation of tariffs or otherwise, have the potential to adversely affect us, including by impacting (a) the supply chains for our operations as well as the third parties with whom we engage, and (b) the macroeconomic markets at large.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed.

We depend on our ability to protect our proprietary technology. We rely on trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws, and confidentiality, licensing and other agreements with employees and third parties, all of which offer only limited protection. Our commercial success will depend in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the U.S. and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. Where we deem appropriate, we seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the U.S. and abroad related to our novel technologies and products that are important to our business. The patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally are highly uncertain, involve complex legal and factual questions and have in recent years been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patents, including those patent rights licensed to us by third parties, are highly uncertain.

The steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to preclude misappropriation of our proprietary information or infringement of our intellectual property rights, both inside and outside the U.S. The rights already granted under any of our currently issued patents and those that may be granted under future issued patents may not provide us with the proprietary protection or competitive advantages we are seeking. If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent protection for our technology and products, or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficient, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or superior to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be adversely affected.

With respect to patent rights, we do not know whether our pending patent applications for any of our technologies or product candidates will result in the issuance of patents that protect such technologies or product candidates, or if any of our issued patents will effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Our pending patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless and until a patent issues from such applications. Further, the examination process may require us to narrow the claims for our pending patent applications, which may limit the scope of patent protection that may be obtained if these applications are granted. Because the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, issued patents that we own or have licensed from third parties may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the U.S. and abroad. Such challenges may result in the loss of patent protection, the narrowing of claims in such patents or the invalidity or unenforceability of such patents, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection for our technology and products. Protecting against the unauthorized use of our patented technology, trademarks and other intellectual property rights is expensive, difficult and, in some cases, not be possible. In some cases, it may be difficult or impossible to detect third-party infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, even in relation to issued patent claims, and proving any such infringement may be even more difficult.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to any competitive advantage we may have.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

•	Others may be able to make compounds that are the same as or similar to our current or future product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or have exclusively licensed.

•	We might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patent or pending patent application that we own or have exclusively licensed.

•	We or any of our licensors or strategic partners might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions.

•	Others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights.

•	It is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents.

•	Issued patents that we own or have exclusively licensed may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors.

•

Our competitors might conduct research and development activities in the U.S. and other countries that provide a safe harbor from patent infringement claims for certain research and development activities, as well as in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets.

•	We may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable.

•	The patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.

Our technology may be found to infringe upon third-party intellectual property rights.

Third parties, may in the future, assert claims or initiate litigation related to their patent, copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights in technology that is important to us. The asserted claims and/or litigation could include claims against us, our licensors or our suppliers alleging infringement of intellectual property rights with respect to our products or components of those products. Regardless of the merit of the claims, they could be time consuming, resulting in costly litigation and diversion of technical and management personnel, or require us to develop a non-infringing technology or enter into license agreements. We cannot assure you that licenses will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Furthermore, because of the potential for significant damage awards, which are not necessarily predictable, it is not unusual to find even arguably unmeritorious claims resulting in large settlements. If any infringement or other intellectual property claim made against us by any third party is successful, or if we fail to develop non-infringing technology or license the proprietary rights on commercially reasonable terms and conditions, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

If our products, methods, processes and other technologies infringe upon the proprietary rights of other parties, we could incur substantial costs and we may have to:

•	obtain licenses, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all;

•	abandon an infringing drug or therapy candidate;

•	redesign our products or processes to avoid infringement;

•	stop using the subject matter claimed in the patents held by others;

•	pay damages; or

•	defend litigation or administrative proceedings which may be costly whether we win or lose, and which could result in a substantial diversion of our financial and management resources.

We may need to license intellectual property from third parties, and such licenses may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights that are important or necessary to the development of our products. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of a third party to manufacture, or otherwise commercialize, our own technology or products, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from such third party. Licensing such intellectual property may not be available or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and product candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside of the U.S. are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed.

Risks Related to Owning Shares of Our Common Stock

Our share price may be volatile, which could subject us to securities class action lawsuits and prevent you from being able to sell your shares at or above the price at which you purchased them.

Our stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:

•	results of our clinical trials;

•	results of clinical trials of our competitors’ products;

•	regulatory actions with respect to our products or our competitors’ products;

•	actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;

•	actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;

•	actual or anticipated fluctuations in our competitors’ operating results or changes in their growth rate;

•	competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;

•	announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, collaborations or capital commitments;

•	issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts;

•	fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

•	delisting of the Company’s common shares from the exchange on which they trade due to the Company not being in compliance with the listing requirements of the exchange;

•	share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;

•	additions or departures of key management or scientific personnel;

•	disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;

•	announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;

•	sales of our common stock by us, our insiders or our other shareholders;

•	market conditions for biopharmaceutical stocks in general; and

•	general economic and market conditions.

Furthermore, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In particular, stock markets have experienced extreme volatility in the first quarter of 2020 due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and investor concerns and uncertainty related to the impact of the outbreak on the economies of countries worldwide. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of shares of our common stock. In addition, such fluctuations could subject us to securities class action litigation, which could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business. If the market price of shares of our common stock does not exceed your buying price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment.

Our directors, executive officers and principal shareholders continue to have substantial control over our company and could delay or prevent a change in corporate control.

As of March 13, 2026 our directors, executive officers and principal shareholders, together with their affiliates, beneficially own, in the aggregate, at least 8.2 million shares or approximately 27.0% of our outstanding common stock, and could own approximately 10.8 million shares or approximately 32.8% of our outstanding common stock if they fully exercise their outstanding stock options. As a result, these shareholders, if acting together, have the ability to determine the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, these persons, acting together, have the ability to control the management and affairs of the Company. Accordingly, this concentration of ownership may harm the market price of our common stock by:

• delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company;

• impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving the Company; or

• discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of the Company.

We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from the Janssen Transaction and may not use them effectively.

We intend to continue to allocate the net proceeds that we received from our public offerings and the Janssen Transaction to fund discovery and development of our next generation True Human™ anti-IL-1⍺ antibody program and to advance other antibody therapeutics in our pipeline. However, our management will have broad discretion in the actual application of the net proceeds, and we may elect to allocate proceeds differently if we believe it would be in our best interests to do so. For example, in February 2020, we completed a cash tender offer in which we repurchased $420 million of our common shares. In July 2021, we distributed a $75 million cash dividend to our shareholders. Our shareholders may not agree with the manner in which our management chooses to allocate and spend the net proceeds. Our management may also fail to apply these funds effectively, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may invest our cash on hand in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

Provisions in our charter documents under Canadian law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our shareholders, more difficult.

Our authorized preferred capital stock is available for issuance from time to time at the discretion of our Board of Directors, without shareholder approval. Our Articles of Incorporation (“Articles”) grant our Board of Directors the authority, subject to the corporate law of British Columbia, to determine or alter the special rights and restrictions granted to or imposed on any wholly unissued series of preferred shares, and such rights may be superior to those of our common stock.

Limitations on the ability to acquire and hold our common stock may be imposed by the Competition Act (Canada). This legislation permits the Commissioner of Competition of Canada to review any acquisition of a significant interest in us. This legislation grants the Commissioner jurisdiction to challenge such an acquisition before the Canadian Competition Tribunal if the Commissioner believes that it would, or would be likely to, result in a substantial lessening or prevention of competition in any market in Canada. The Investment Canada Act (Canada) subjects an acquisition of control of a company by a non-Canadian to government review if the value of our assets as calculated pursuant to the legislation exceeds a threshold amount. A reviewable acquisition may not proceed unless the relevant minister is satisfied that the investment is likely to be a net benefit to Canada.

Any of the foregoing could prevent or delay a change of control and may deprive or limit strategic opportunities for our shareholders to sell their shares and/or affect the market price of our shares.

We may be a passive foreign investment company for US tax purposes which may negatively affect US investors.

We do not believe XBiotech is an “Investment Company”; instead, we believe it is a bona fide biopharmaceutical entity engaged in active pharmaceutical R&D, evidenced by the sale of its drug candidate Bermekimab for $750 million and up to $600 million in potential milestone payments and our extensive ongoing R&D activity. However, arbitrary definitions used to define a passive foreign investment company (PFIC) for US tax purposes have made some financial analysts suggest we are a PFIC. Particularly, based on the blind criteria that if 75% or more of gross income is passive income, with nothing else considered, then a company may be held to be a PFIC. Some years we don’t have income, since we only will have income when for example we sell one of our drugs or when we get a drug to market and generate sales. But we do keep the company’s cash in an interest bearing bank account or interest earning instruments. This generates interest income (or passive income) on our funds. We believe that to suggest that such bank account interest makes us a PFIC is absurd; this would suggest that we cannot keep our cash in a bank account and that interest on the Company’s funds supersedes any other consideration in defining the actual operations and essential nature of the Company. XBiotech will never accept an arbitrary and erroneous definition that could potentially penalize the Company and its shareholders and will oppose any effort to do so by the tax authorities. There is a risk that that tax authorities could successfully assert our PFIC status, and in such event shares held by a US person in that year will be PFIC shares for that year and all for subsequent years in which they are held by that person. PFIC rules can apply differently to different US shareholders depending on whether a specific shareholder has made certain elections with respect to the ownership of PFIC shares. Because these rules are complex and apply differently based upon whether and when a US shareholder has made certain elections, new and existing US shareholders should consult with their tax advisors as to the potential tax implications of acquiring, owning and disposing of our stock.

We are governed by the corporate laws in British Columbia, Canada which in some cases have a different effect on shareholders than the corporate laws in Delaware, United States.

The material differences between the BCBCA as compared to the Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL) which may be of most interest to shareholders include the following:

(i)	for material corporate transactions (i.e. mergers and amalgamations, other extraordinary corporate transactions, amendments to our Articles) the BCBCA generally requires two-thirds majority vote by shareholders, whereas DGCL generally only requires a majority vote of shareholders;

(ii)

the quorum for shareholders meetings is not prescribed under the BCBCA and is only two persons representing 20% of the issued shares under our Articles, whereas under DGCL, quorum requires a minimum of one-third of the shares entitled to vote to be present and companies’ certificates of incorporation frequently require a higher percentage to be present;

(iii)

under the BCBCA, a holder of 5% or more of our common stock can requisition a special meeting at which any matters that can be voted on at our annual meeting can be considered, whereas the DGCL does not give this right;

(iv)	our Articles require two-thirds majority vote by shareholders to pass a resolution for one or more directors to be removed, whereas DGCL only requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the shareholders; however, many public company charters limit removal of directors to a removal for cause; and

(v)

our Articles may be amended by resolution of our directors to alter our authorized share structure, including to consolidate or subdivide any of our shares, whereas under DGCL, a majority vote by shareholders is generally required to amend a corporation’s certificate of incorporation and a separate class vote may be required to authorize alterations to a corporation’s authorized share structure.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because of these material differences. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our share price may be more volatile.

General Risk Factors

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

The terms of any financing arrangements we enter into may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our shareholders and the issuance of additional securities, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our shares to decline. The sale of additional equity or convertible securities would dilute all of our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and, potentially, the imposition of restrictive covenants. Those covenants may include limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborators or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable resulting in the loss of rights to some of our product candidates or other unfavorable terms, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. Additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our products.

Future sales, or the possibility of future sales, of a substantial number of our common stock could adversely affect the price of the shares and dilute shareholders.

We may have a limited ability to use some or all of our net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards in the future.

As a result of prior operating losses and research and development activities, we have net operating loss, or “NOL,” and research tax credit carryforwards (collectively, the “carryforwards”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, substantial changes in the Company’s ownership may limit the amount of carryforwards that could be utilized annually in the future to offset U.S. taxable income and/or income tax. Specifically, this limitation may arise in the event of a cumulative change in ownership of the Company of more than 50% within a three-year period. Any such annual limitation may significantly reduce the utilization of the carryforwards before they expire.

Future sales of a substantial number of our common stock, or the perception that such sales will occur, could cause a decline in the market price of our common stock. As of March 13, 2026, we had 30,487,731 common shares outstanding.

In the future, we may issue additional common stock or other equity into common stock in connection with a financing, acquisition, litigation settlement, employee arrangements or otherwise. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing shareholders and could cause our common share price to decline.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, shareholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.

Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us conducted in connection with Section 404 or any subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

We are required to disclose changes made in our internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis and our management is required to assess the effectiveness of these controls annually. However, for as long as we are a “smaller reporting company” with under $100 million in annual revenue, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not.

ITEM 1B.

UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 1C.

CYBERSECURITY

We employ processes and tools for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. These processes and tools are intended to help protect our information assets from internal and external threats and protect the integrity and confidentiality of our data. Our processes and tools include procedural and technical safeguards, response plans, and reviews of our policies. We employ experienced information technology personnel to deploy and oversee these safeguards and to consult with members of our senior management team, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer, regarding cybersecurity matters when appropriate. Our Audit Committee is provided an opportunity during each quarterly meeting to inquire regarding material cybersecurity threats, deficiencies, and other issues in discussion with members of management. We provide all employees and consultants with cybersecurity and prevention training.

Although we develop and maintain processes and tools designed to prevent cybersecurity threats from occurring, and to identify and mitigate threats, the possibility of these events occurring cannot be eliminated entirely. As we engage in more electronic transactions, rely more on cloud-based information systems, and utilize outside vendors or service providers that have access to our electronic information, the related security risks will increase, and we will likely need to expend additional resources to protect our technology and information systems. In addition, there can be no assurance that our information technology systems will be sufficient to protect us against breakdowns, service disruption, data deterioration or loss in the event of a system malfunction, or prevent data from being stolen or corrupted in the event of a cyberattack, security breach, industrial espionage attacks or insider threat attacks which could result in financial, legal, business or reputational harm.

As of the date of this Annual Report, we are not aware of any risks from cybersecurity threats, including because of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

ITEM 2.

PROPERTIES

The Company owns 48 acres of industrial-zoned property located five miles from Austin’s central business district at the address of 5217 Winnebago Ln, Austin, TX, 78744. In 2016, the Company built a new combined R&D and manufacturing facility on this property. The Company uses this facility to conduct research, discover new product candidates, produce products for clinical studies and provide administrative space to support its drug development and other activities. In 2019, XBiotech constructed a new facility to house infectious disease and animal facilities. Located in a separate building on our campus, just a short walk from the Company’s main manufacturing headquarters, the new facility incorporates an animal biological safety level 2 (ABSL2) laboratory and other laboratories for developing and testing Company’s True Human™ antibodies against infectious disease targets. XBiotech owns the 48-acre campus—and all structures on the property—debt-free and envisions further expansion of facilities on the property.

ITEM 3.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is not currently subject to any material legal proceedings.

ITEM 4.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5.

MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on April 15, 2015 under the symbol “XBIT.” Prior to that time, there was no established public trading market for our common stock.

Holders of Record

There were 8 record holders of our common stock registered with the transfer agent as of March 13, 2026. The actual number of shareholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes shareholders who are the beneficial owners of shares registered in the name of brokers, banks or other agents.

Dividends

In July 2021, we paid $2.50 per share in dividends to shareholders. We currently intend to retain any earnings for future growth and, therefore, do not expect comparable cash dividends will continue to be paid in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions, and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

ITEM 6.

RESERVED

ITEM 7.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025 and related notes thereto, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and is subject to the safe harbor created by those sections. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of this annual report on Form 10-K, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. For more information, see “Cautionary Statement About Forward-Looking Statements.” In particular, we encourage you to review the risks and uncertainties described in “Risk Factors” in this annual report on Form 10-K. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this report, and we do not intend, and do not assume any obligation, to update these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. All dollar amounts stated herein are in U.S. dollars unless specified otherwise.

Overview

XBiotech Inc. (“XBiotech” or the “Company”) is a pre-market biopharmaceutical company engaged in discovering and developing True Human™ monoclonal antibodies for treating a variety of diseases. True Human™ monoclonal antibodies are those which occur naturally in human beings—as opposed to being derived from animal immunization or otherwise engineered. We believe that naturally occurring monoclonal antibodies have the potential to be safer and more effective than their non-naturally occurring counterparts. XBiotech is focused on developing its True Human™ pipeline and manufacturing system.

Following the Janssen Transaction in December 2019, the tender offer in February 2020, and the dividends paid in July 2021, our accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2025 was ($136.3) million. We had a net loss of $45.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to a net loss of $38.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. During the fiscal year of 2026, we don’t expect to generate any revenue. In addition, we expect to incur significant and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future as we advance our drug candidates from discovery through preclinical testing and clinical. In addition to these research and development expenses, we expect general and administrative costs to increase, particularly in consideration of current inflationary trends. We will need to generate significant revenues to achieve or sustain profitability, and we may never do so. As of December 31, 2025, we had 85 employees.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

Prior to receiving payments under the clinical manufacturing agreement entered in connection with the Janssen Transaction, we had not generated any revenue. Under the clinical manufacturing agreement, we manufactured Bermekimab for use by Janssen in clinical trials, in exchange for fixed payments, paid in quarterly installments through 2021. In February 2022, we entered a new manufacturing contract with a Janssen-related company whereby we continued to manufacture Bermekimab through November 2022. The contract terminated in November 2022. Our ability to generate any additional revenue and/or to become profitable (or sustain any profitability) depends on our ability to successfully commercialize any product candidates we may advance in the future.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expense consists of expenses incurred in connection with identifying and developing our drug candidates. These expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses, share-based compensation, laboratory and manufacturing supplies, facility costs, costs for preclinical and clinical research, development of quality control systems, quality assurance programs and manufacturing processes. We charge all research and development expenses to operating expenses as incurred.

The clinical development costs may further increase going forward with potentially more advanced studies in the future as we evaluate our clinical data and pipeline.

Clinical development timelines, likelihood of success and total costs vary widely. We do not currently track our internal research and development costs or our personnel and related costs on an individual drug candidate basis. We use our research and development resources, including employees and our drug discovery technology, across multiple drug development programs. As a result, we cannot state precisely the costs incurred for each of our research and development programs or our clinical and preclinical drug candidates. From inception through December 31, 2025, we have recorded total research and development expenses, including share-based compensation, of $397.1 million. Our total research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $47.4 million, compared to $37.8 million the year ended December 31, 2024. Share-based compensation accounted for $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 and $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Research and development expenses as a percentage of total operating expenses was 85% for the year ended December 31, 2025, and 89% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The percentages, excluding share-based compensation, were 86% for the year ended December 31, 2025, and 90% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We will select drug candidates and research projects for further development on an ongoing basis in response to their preclinical and clinical success and commercial potential. For research and development candidates in early stages of development, it is premature to estimate when material net cash inflows from these projects might occur.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries and related expenses for personnel in administrative, finance, business development and human resource functions, as well as the legal costs of pursuing patent protection of our intellectual property and patent filing and maintenance expenses, share–based compensation, and professional fees for legal services. Our total general and administration expenses was $8.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, and $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Share-based compensation accounted for $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, and $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

General and administrative expenses as a percentage of total operating expenses was 15% for the year ended December 31, 2025, and 11% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The percentages, excluding share-based compensation, were 14% for the year ended December 31, 2025, and 10% for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (US GAAP). The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and expenses incurred during the reported periods.

We base estimates on our historical experience, known trends and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in the notes to our financial statements appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

Share-Based Compensation

Stock-based awards are measured at fair value at each grant date. We recognize share-based compensation expenses ratably over the requisite service period of the option award.

Determination of the Fair Value of Share-Based Compensation Grants

The determination of the fair value of share-based compensation arrangements is affected by a number of variables, including estimates of the expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate and the expected life of the award. We value stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options that are fully transferable and have no vesting restrictions. Black-Scholes option-pricing model and other option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility. If we made different assumptions, our share-based compensation expenses, net loss, and net loss per common share could be significantly different. We determine that the fair value of common stock as the closing price of the Company’s common stock as reported by NASDAQ on the option grant date.

The following summarizes the assumptions used for estimating the fair value of stock options granted during the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2025			2024

Weighted-average grant date fair value per share	$	2.68		$	3.96
Expected volatility		79%-80	%		79%-83	%
Risk-free interest rate		3.7%-4.5	%		3.6%-4.4	%
Expected life (in years)		5.29–10.00			5.00–6.25
Dividend yield		—			—

With the exception of the dividend paid in 2021, we have not historically paid dividends. We have assumed no dividend yield because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based on observed interest rates for U.S. Treasury securities with maturities consistent with the expected life of our stock options. The expected life represents the period of time the stock options are expected to be outstanding and is based on the simplified method when the stock option includes “plain vanilla” terms. Under the simplified method, the expected life of an option is presumed to be the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the agreement term. We used the simplified method due to the lack of sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to otherwise estimate the expected life of the stock options. For stock options that did not include “plain vanilla” terms, we used the contractual life of the stock option as the expected life. Such stock options consisted primarily of options issued to our board of directors that were immediately vested at issuance. Expected volatility is based on historical volatilities for publicly traded stock of comparable companies over the estimated expected life of the stock options. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur rather than on an estimated basis.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. We record deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as for operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we expect to recover or settle those temporary differences. We recognize the effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities in the results of operations in the period that includes the enactment date. We assess the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be realized, and we recognize a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. This assessment requires judgment as to the likelihood and amounts of future taxable income by tax jurisdiction. To date, with the exception of certain Canada deferred tax assets that will reverse in a period in which they may be carried back, we have provided a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets as we believe the objective and verifiable evidence of our historical pretax net losses outweighs any positive evidence of our forecasted future results. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax determination involves significant judgment. We will continue to monitor the positive and negative evidence and will adjust the valuation allowance as sufficient objective positive evidence becomes available.

We account for uncertain tax positions by recognizing the financial statement effects of a tax position only when, based upon technical merits, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination. We recognize potential accrued interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax positions within our global operations in income tax expense.

Clinical Trial Accruals

Expense accruals related to clinical trials are based on actual services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with third party service providers which conduct and manage clinical trials on the Company’s behalf. The financial terms of these agreements vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. The Company accrues costs based on the actual services rendered in the period over which services were performed and the level of effort expended in each period based upon patient enrollment, clinical site activations, or information provided to the Company by its vendors on their actual costs incurred. Any estimates of the level of services performed or the costs of these services could differ from actual results.

Results of Operations

Expenses

Research and Development

Research and Development costs are summarized as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,				Increase			% Increase
	2025		2024		(Decrease)			(Decrease)
Salaries and related expenses	$	34,444	$	18,091	$	16,353			90	%
Laboratory and manufacturing supplies		2,545		4,240		(1,695	)		-40	%
Clinical trials and sponsored research		930		7,039		(6,109	)		-87	%
Share-based compensation		2,692		1,127		1,565			139	%
Other		6,779		7,260		(481	)		-7	%
Total	$	47,390	$	37,757	$	9,633			26	%

We do not currently track our internal research and development costs or our personnel and related costs on an individual drug candidate basis. We use our research and development resources, including employees and our drug discovery technology, across multiple drug development programs. As a result, we cannot state precisely the costs incurred for each of our research and development programs or our clinical and preclinical drug candidates.

Research and development expenses increased 26% to $47.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $37.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The rise was mainly due to the increase in salaries and related expenses. John Simard retired from his role as President and Chief Executive Officer effective December 8, 2025. Pursuant to Section 8(c) of Mr. Simard’s Executive Employment Agreement, the Company paid a severance amount of $17.3 million, and Mr. Simard’s 2025 annual bonus of $4.5 million was approved by the Compensation Committee in December 2025. A total of 85% of Mr. Simard’s compensation was allocated to research and development expenses, with the remainder allocated to general and administrative expenses. The decrease in clinical trial and sponsored research expenses was primarily due to the absence of clinical trials in progress during 2025. In addition, stock-based compensation increased due to the issuance of stock options with immediate vesting and grant date fair value at $3.0 million to Mr. Simard in March 2025, with 85% of the expense allocated to research and development. Other expenses primarily included approximately $5.0 million of facility-related expenditures for both the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 and miscellaneous costs such as travel, equipment maintenance, and laboratory safety.

General and Administrative

General and administrative costs are summarized as follows (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,				Increase			% Increase
	2025		2024		(Decrease)			(Decrease)
Salaries and related expenses	$	4,521	$	1,524	$	2,997			197	%
Patent filing expense		777		816		(39	)		-5	%
Share-based compensation		930		626		304			49	%
Professional fees		1,018		902		116			13	%
Other		1,049		846		203			24	%
Total	$	8,295	$	4,714	$	3,581			76	%

General and administrative expenses increased 76% to $8.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by higher salaries and related expenses resulting from John Simard’s severance payment and his 2025 annual bonus, with 15% of the expense allocated to general and administrative expenses. In addition, share-based compensation expense increased due to the issuance of stock options with immediate vesting and a grant-date fair value of $3.0 million to Mr. Simard in March 2025, of which 15% was allocated to general and administrative expenses.

Other Income

The following table summarizes other income (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Interest income	$	5,679		$	9,812
Interest expense		(88	)		(807	)
Other income		1,456			432
Foreign exchange gain (loss)		3,333			(5,529	)
Total	$	10,380		$	3,908

Interest income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was primarily generated from the Company’s Canadian bank accounts and decreased due to lower interest rates and a lower cash balance. Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 related to interest on the Company’s convertible loans. The other income during the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to the receipt of the Employee Retention Credit from the Internal Revenue Service and the cancellation of a penalty by the Canada Revenue Agency related to the 2020 tax year. The other income during the year ended December 31, 2024 was mainly from the reversal of the previous clinical trial accrual associated with visits that occurred prior to 2022 for which the Company has not received an invoice. Foreign exchange gain (loss) was due to the fluctuation between the US dollar and the Canadian dollar during the reporting periods.

Income Taxes

The Company’s income tax expense for the tax year ended December 31, 2025 of $0.23 million was primarily driven by state gross margin taxes and current year uncertain tax positions. The Company’s income tax benefit for the tax year ended December 31, 2024 of $0.03 million was primarily driven by uncertain tax position activity and the estimated 2024 Canadian loss carryback to 2023. The Company expects to maintain its full valuation allowance on all jurisdictions during 2025.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our cash requirements could change materially as a result of the progress of our research and development and clinical programs, licensing activities, acquisitions, divestitures or other corporate developments.

Since our inception on March 22, 2005 through December 31, 2025, we have funded our operations principally through private placements and public offerings of equity securities, which have provided aggregate cash proceeds of approximately $276.3 million, excluding the February 2020 tender offer cash payment. We received $675 million in cash proceeds from the Janssen Transaction in the year ended December 31, 2019. In June 2021, we received the remaining $75 million in cash from the escrow receivable from the same transaction. In July 2021, we paid $75 million in dividends to shareholders. At December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $125.6 million as compared to cash and cash equivalents of $172.7 million at December 31, 2024. The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash (in thousands):

	Year Ended December 31,
Net cash (used in) provided by:	2025			2024
Operating activities	$	(39,920	)	$	(30,963	)
Investing activities		(289

SEC Form 10-K filed by XBiotech Inc.