UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________

Commission File No. 001-40899

Bone Biologics Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

42-1743430

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or formation)

(I.R.S. employer

identification number)

2 Burlington Woods Drive, Ste 100, Burlington, MA 01803

(Address of principal executive offices and Zip Code)

(781) 552-4452

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share	BBLG	The Nasdaq Capital Market
Warrants to Purchase Common stock, $0.001 par value per share	BBLGW	The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐ Yes ☒ No

As of August 14, 2025, there were 1,795,260 shares of the issuer’s common stock, $0.001 par value, outstanding.

Bone Biologics Corporation

- INDEX -

	Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION:

Item 1. Financial Statements.	F-1

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-1

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	F-2

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	F-3

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-5

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	F-6

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	4

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	7

Item 4. Controls and Procedures	7

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION:	8

Item 1. Legal Proceedings	8

Item 1A. Risk Factors	8

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	8

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	8

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	8

Item 5. Other Information	8

Item 6. Exhibits	9

Signatures	10

NOTE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”) contains forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include those that express plans, anticipation, intent, contingency, goals, targets or future development and/or otherwise are not statements of historical fact. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and projections about future events and they are subject to risks and uncertainties known and unknown that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions. For a more detailed listing of some of the risks and uncertainties facing the Company, please see our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 26, 2025 and subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or other reports filed with the SEC.

All statements other than historical facts contained in this report, including statements regarding our future financial position, capital expenditures, cash flows, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “can,” “could,” “may,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements include, among others, information regarding future operations, future capital expenditures, and future net cash flow. Such statements reflect our management’s current views with respect to future events and financial performance and involve risks and uncertainties, including, without limitation, our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, inflation, rising interest rates, governmental responses there to and possible recession caused thereby, obtaining Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory authorization to market our drug and biological products, successful completion of our clinical trials, our ability to achieve regulatory authorization to market our lead product NELL-1/DBM, the success of our patent application, our reliance on third party manufacturers for our drug products, market acceptance of our products, our dependence on licenses for certain of our products, our reliance on the expected growth in demand for our products, exposure to product liability and defect claims, development of a public trading market for our securities, and various other matters, many of which are beyond our control.

Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties occur, or should underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially and adversely from those anticipated, believed, estimated or otherwise indicated. Consequently, all of the forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-Q are qualified by these cautionary statements and accordingly there can be no assurances made with respect to the actual results or developments. We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

Unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” in this document refer to Bone Biologics Corporation, a Delaware corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary as defined under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis” in this Form 10-Q.

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

Bone Biologics Corporation

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

	June 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
		(unaudited)
Assets

Current Assets
Cash	$	6,640,468		$	3,325,131
Advances on research and development contract services		208,972			258,059
Prepaid insurance		142,776			268,179
Prepaid expenses		10,000			10,000
Total current assets	$	7,002,216		$	3,861,369
Total assets	$	7,002,216		$	3,861,369

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current Liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	403,729		$	373,042
Warrant liability		2,413			4,670

Total current liabilities		406,142			377,712
Total liabilities		406,142			377,712

Commitments and Contingencies		-			-

Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred Stock, $0.001 par value per share; 20,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024		-			-
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 1,685,260 and 492,417 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively⁽¹⁾		1,685			492
Additional paid-in capital⁽¹⁾		93,373,378			88,504,543
Accumulated deficit		(86,778,989	)		(85,021,378	)

Total stockholders’ equity		6,596,074			3,483,657

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	7,002,216		$	3,861,369

(1)

Adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split as described in Note 1.

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-1

Bone Biologics Corporation

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

	Three Months Ended June 30, 2025			Three Months Ended June 30, 2024			Six Months Ended June 30, 2025			Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Revenues	$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-

Operating expenses
Research and development		191,608			350,442			615,186			596,067
General and administrative		556,467			459,223			1,171,377			1,117,135

Total operating expenses		748,075			809,665			1,786,563			1,713,202

Loss from operations		(748,075	)		(809,665	)		(1,786,563	)		(1,713,202	)

Other expenses
Change in fair value of warrant liability		902			10,785			2,257			48,096
Interest income		6,654			15,147			26,695			15,403
Total other income		7,556			25,932			28,952			63,499

Net Loss	$	(740,519	)	$	(783,733	)	$	(1,757,611	)	$	(1,649,703	)

Weighted average shares outstanding – basic and diluted⁽¹⁾		557,787			194,824			544,277			152,533

Loss per share – basic and diluted⁽¹⁾	$	(1.33	)	$	(4.02	)	$	(3.23	)	$	(10.82	)

(1)

Adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split as described in Note 1.

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-2

Bone Biologics Corporation

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

For the Six Months ended June 30, 2025

(unaudited)⁽¹⁾

	Shares		Amount		Capital			Equity			Equity
	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in			Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital			Equity			Equity

Balance at December 31, 2024		492,417	$	492	$	88,504,543		$	(85,021,378	)	$	3,483,657

Fair value of vested stock options		-		-		50,605			-			50,605

Options issued to settle accrued bonus		-		-		46,183			-			46,183

Issuance of common shares from ATM, net of costs of $13,029		52,843		53		347,496			-			347,549

Net Loss		-		-		-			(1,017,092	)		(1,017,092	)

Balance at March 31, 2025		545,260		545		88,948,827			(86,038,470	)		2,910,902

Fair value of vested stock options		-		-		72,899			-			72,899

Proceeds from sale of common stock and warrants in public offering, net of offering costs of $647,208		793,750		794		4,351,998			-			4,352,792

Exercise of pre-funded warrants		346,250		346		(346	)		-			-

Net Loss		-		-		-			(740,519	)		(740,519	)

Balance at June 30, 2025		1,685,260	$	1,685	$	93,373,378		$	(86,778,989	)	$	6,596,074

(1) Adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split as described in Note 1.

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-3

Bone Biologics Corporation

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

For the Six Months ended June 30, 2024

(unaudited)⁽¹⁾

	Common Stock				Additional Paid-in		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Equity			Equity

Balance at December 31, 2023		89,127	$	89	$	83,815,230	$	(80,908,958	)	$	2,906,361

Fair value of vested stock options		-		-		52,681		-			52,681

Options issued to settle accrued bonus		-		-		77,400		-			77,400

Proceeds from sale of common stock in public offering, net of offering costs of $490,227		19,833		20		1,504,319		-			1,504,339

Exercise of pre-funded warrants		60,542		60		77		-			137

Net Loss		-		-		-		(865,970	)		(865,970	)

Balance at March 31, 2024		169,502		169		85,449,707		(81,774,928	)		3,674,948
Balance		169,502		169		85,449,707		(81,774,928	)		3,674,948

Fair value of vested stock options		-		-		17,443		-			17,443

Exercise of pre-funded warrants		49,833		50		249		-			299

Net Loss		-		-		-		(783,733	)		(783,733	)

Balance at June 30, 2024		219,335	$	219	$	85,467,399	$	(82,558,661	)	$	2,908,957
Balance		219,335	$	219	$	85,467,399	$	(82,558,661	)	$	2,908,957

(1) Adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split as described in Note 1.

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-4

Bone Biologics Corporation

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2025			Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
	(unaudited)			(unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(1,757,611	)	$	(1,649,703	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation		123,504			70,124
Change in fair value of warrant liability		(2,257	)		(48,096	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Advances on research and development contract services		49,087			(321,431	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		125,403			171,229
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		76,870			(51,390	)
Research and development contract liabilities		-			44,980
Accrued legal settlement		-			(414,989	)

Net cash used in operating activities		(1,385,004	)		(2,199,276	)

Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from issuance of common shares from ATM, net of costs		347,549			-
Proceeds from sale of common stock and warrants in public offering, net of offering costs		4,352,792			1,504,339
Exercise of pre-funded warrants		-			436

Net cash provided by financing activities		4,700,341			1,504,775

Net increase (decrease) in cash		3,315,337			(694,501	)

Cash, beginning of period		3,325,131			3,026,569
Cash, end of period	$	6,640,468		$	2,332,068

Supplemental information
Income taxes paid	$	-		$	-
Noncash investing and financing activities
Options issued to settle accrued bonus	$	46,183			77,400

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-5

Bone Biologics Corporation

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

For the Six Months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024

1. The Company

Bone Biologics Corporation (the “Company”) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on October 18, 2007 as AFH Acquisition X, Inc. Pursuant to a merger agreement, dated September 19, 2014, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Bone Biologics Acquisition Corp., merged with and into Bone Biologics Inc., with Bone Biologics Inc. remaining as the surviving corporation. On September 22, 2014, the Company changed its name to “Bone Biologics Corporation” and Bone Biologics, Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Bone Biologics, Inc. was incorporated in California on September 9, 2004.

The Company is a medical device company that is currently focused on bone regeneration in spinal fusion using the recombinant human protein known as NELL-1. NELL-1 in combination with DBM, demineralized bone matrix, is an osteopromotive recombinant protein that provides target specific control over bone regeneration. The NELL-1 technology platform has been licensed exclusively for worldwide applications to the Company through a technology transfer from the UCLA Technology Development Group on behalf of UC Regents (“UCLA TDG”). UCLA TDG and the Company received guidance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) that NELL-1/DBM will be classified as a device/drug combination product that will require an FDA-approved pre-market approval (“PMA”) application before it can be commercialized in the United States.

The production and marketing of the Company’s products and its ongoing research and development activities are subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities in the United States. Prior to marketing in the United States, any combination product developed by the Company must undergo rigorous preclinical (animal) and clinical (human) testing and an extensive regulatory approval process implemented by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. There can be no assurance that the Company will not encounter problems in clinical trials that will cause the Company or the FDA to delay or suspend clinical trials.

The Company’s success will depend in part on its ability to obtain patents and product license rights, maintain trade secrets, and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others, both in the United States and other countries. There can be no assurance that patents issued to or licensed by the Company will not be challenged, invalidated, rendered unenforceable, or circumvented, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide proprietary protection or competitive advantages to the Company.

The Company is also subject to additional risks and uncertainties arising from changes to the macroeconomic environment and geopolitical events. U.S. and global financial markets have experienced volatility and disruption due to macroeconomic and geopolitical events such as the implementation of tariffs, inflation, the risk of a recession and ongoing conflicts in other countries. In addition, if equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make any future debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain on favorable terms, and potentially more dilutive to existing stockholders. The Company cannot predict at this time to what extent it and its collaborators, employees, suppliers, contract manufacturers and/or vendors could potentially be negatively impacted by these events.

Going Concern and Liquidity

The Company has no significant operating history and since inception to June 30, 2025 has incurred accumulated losses of approximately $86.8 million. The Company will continue to incur significant expenses for development activities for their lead product NELL-1/DBM. Operating expenditures for the next twelve months are estimated at $6.8 million. The accompanying consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2025 have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. As reflected in the financial statements, the Company incurred a net loss of $1.7 million and used net cash in operating activities of $1.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm, in its audit report to the financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, expressed substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

F-6

On June 27, 2025, the Company issued investors 793,750 shares of its common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase 456,250 shares of common stock for $4.00 per share. In addition, warrants exercisable into 2,500,000 shares of common stock were also issued (see Note 5). The net proceeds received from the sale of common stock and pre-funded warrants, net of cash costs of $647,208, was $4,352,792.

At June 30, 2025, the Company had cash of $6.6 million. Available cash is expected to fund the Company’s operations into the second quarter of 2026.

The Company will continue to attempt to raise additional debt and/or equity financing to fund future operations and to provide additional working capital. However, there is no assurance that such financing will be consummated or obtained in sufficient amounts necessary to meet the Company’s needs. If cash resources are insufficient to satisfy the Company’s on-going cash requirements, the Company will be required to scale back or discontinue its product development programs, or obtain funds if available (although there can be no certainties) through strategic alliances that may require the Company to relinquish rights to its technology, or substantially reduce or discontinue its operations entirely. No assurance can be given that any future financing will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to the Company. Even if the Company is able to obtain additional financing, it may contain undue restrictions on the Company’s operations, in the case of debt financing, or cause substantial dilution for its stockholders, in the case of equity financing.

Reverse stock split

On June 5, 2025, the Company filed an amendment to its amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of its outstanding common stock and warrants. The amendment was authorized by the Company’s stockholders on May 30, 2025, and was effective on June 10, 2025.

All share and per share amounts have been retro-actively restated as if the reverse splits occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The interim condensed consolidated financial statements included herein reflect all material adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments and reclassifications and non-recurring adjustments) which, in the opinion of management, are ordinary and necessary for a fair presentation of results for the interim periods. Certain information and footnote disclosures required under the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The condensed consolidated balance sheet information as of December 31, 2024 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 26, 2025 (the “2024 Annual Report”). These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and notes thereto included in the 2024 Annual Report.

The results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the entire fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 or for any other period.

Segment Information

The Company operates and reports in one segment, which focuses on bone regeneration in spinal fusion using the recombinant human protein known as NELL-1. The Company’s operating segment is reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”), which is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and President (the “CEO”).

The CODM uses consolidated net income (loss) as the sole measure of segment profit or loss. Significant segment expenses include research and development, salaries, insurance, and stock-based compensation. Operating expenses include all remaining costs necessary to operate our business, which primarily include external professional services and other administrative expenses (see Note 8).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period.

Significant estimates include the assumptions used in the accounting for potential liabilities, the valuation of the warrant liability, the valuation of debt and equity instruments, the valuation of stock options and warrants issued for services, and the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

F-7

Inflation

Macroeconomic factors such as inflation, rising interest rates, governmental responses there to and possible recession caused thereby also add significant uncertainty to the Company’s operations and possible effects to the amount and type of financing available to the Company in the future.

Cash

Cash primarily consists of bank demand deposits maintained by a major financial institution. The Company’s policy is to maintain its cash balances with financial institutions with high credit ratings and in accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and/or by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (the “SIPC”). The Company may periodically have cash balances in financial institutions in excess of the FDIC and SIPC insurance limits of $250,000 and $500,000, respectively. The Company has not experienced any losses to date resulting from this policy.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs include, but are not limited to, payroll and other personnel expenses, consultants, expenses incurred under agreements with contract research and manufacturing organizations and animal clinical investigative sites and the cost to manufacture clinical trial materials. Research and development costs are generally charged to operations ratably over the life of the underlying contracts, unless the achievement of milestones, the completion of contracted work, the termination of an agreement, or other information indicates that a different expensing schedule is more appropriate. However, payments for research and development costs that are contractually defined as non-refundable are charged to operations as incurred.

Payments made pursuant to contracts are initially recorded as advances on research and development contract services in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and are then charged to research and development costs in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations as those contract services are performed. Expenses incurred under contracts in excess of amounts advanced are recorded as research and development contract liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, with a corresponding charge to research and development costs in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company reviews the status of its various clinical trial and research and development contracts on a quarterly basis.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Accounting standards require certain assets and liabilities be reported at fair value in the financial statements and provide a framework for establishing that fair value. The Company defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy is based on three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:

Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 assumptions: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities including liabilities resulting from embedded derivatives associated with certain warrants to purchase common stock.

The fair value of financial instruments measured on a recurring basis was as follows:

Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
	As of June 30, 2025
Description	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Liabilities:
Warrant liability	$	2,413		—		—	$	2,413
Total liabilities at fair value	$	2,413		—		—	$	2,413

The following table provides a roll-forward of the warrant liability measured at fair value on a recurring basis using unobservable level 3 inputs for the six month period ended June 30, 2025 as follows:

	June 30, 2025
Warrant liability
Balance as of beginning of period – December 31, 2024	$	4,670
Change in fair value		(2,257	)
Balance as of June 30, 2025	$	2,413

The Company believes the carrying amount of certain financial instruments, including cash and accounts payable approximate their values based on their short-term nature and are excluded from the fair value tables above.

F-8

Stock Based Compensation

Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, prescribes accounting and reporting standards for all share-based payment transactions to employees and non-employees. Transactions include incurring liabilities, or issuing or offering to issue shares, options, and other equity instruments such as employee stock ownership plans and stock appreciation rights. Share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, are recognized as compensation expense in the consolidated financial statements based on their fair values. That expense is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award, known as the requisite service period (usually the vesting period). Recognition of compensation expense for non-employees is in the same period and manner as if the Company had paid cash for the services.

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be liability classified and recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance and remeasured at fair value at each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants that are liability classified are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss in the statement of operations at each balance sheet date.

Net Loss per Common Share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing the loss available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed similar to basic loss per share except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common shares had been issued and if the additional common shares were dilutive. Diluted loss per common share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if options and warrants were to be exercised or converted or otherwise resulted in the issuance of common stock that then shared in the earnings of the entity.

Since the effects of outstanding options and warrants are anti-dilutive for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, shares of common stock underlying these instruments have been excluded from the computation of loss per common share.

The following sets forth the number of shares of common stock underlying outstanding options and warrants as of June 30, 2025 and 2024:

	2025		2024
	June 30,
	2025		2024
Warrants		2,994,037		170,995
Stock options		87,856		12,338
Anti dilutive securities		3,081,893		183,333

New Accounting Standards

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2024-03 “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses.” This ASU requires public business entities to disclose, for interim and annual reporting periods, additional information about certain income statement expense categories. The requirements are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Entities are permitted to apply either the prospective or retrospective transition methods. The Company is in the process of evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04 “Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20)”. This ASU clarifies the requirements related to accounting for the settlement of a debt instrument as an induced conversion. An induced conversion is when a company induces debt holders to convert their debt into equity shares under changed terms and involved additional consideration. The amendments in this ASU are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning January 1, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. The Company is in the process of evaluating this ASU’s impact on the Company’s disclosures. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 “Income Taxes: Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which enhances income tax disclosures to provide more transparency about income tax information, primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid by jurisdiction information. These disclosures will include consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and require income taxes paid to be disaggregated by jurisdiction as well as additional amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments are effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is in the process of evaluating this ASU to determine its impact on the Company’s disclosures. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

The Company’s management has evaluated all other recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards and guidance that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies through the filing date of these financial statements and does not believe the future adoption of any such pronouncements will have a material effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

F-9

3. Research and Development

The Company has developed a stand-alone platform technology through significant laboratory and small and large animal research over more than ten years to generate the current applications across broad fields of use, including the completion of two preclinical sheep studies that demonstrated our recombinant NELL-1 (“rhNELL-1”) growth factor effectively promotes bone formation in a phylogenetically advanced spine model.

During 2024, the Company announced the treatment of the first patients in the multicenter, prospective, randomized pilot clinical study of our NB1 bone graft device. NB1 is NELL-1 protein combined with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) to provide rapid, specific and guided control over bone regeneration.

The pilot clinical study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness, fusion success, pain, function improvement and adverse events of NB1 in up to 30 adult subjects who undergo transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion to treat degenerative disc disease. To be enrolled in the study, subjects must have DDD at one level from L2-S1 and may also have up to Grade 1 spondylolisthesis or Grade 1 retrolisthesis at the involved level. The study is being conducted in Australia. The study design was previously reviewed and agreed upon by the FDA’s Division of Orthopedic Devices in a Pre-submission to support progression to a pivotal clinical trial in the United States.

The Company has entered into various agreements with Contract Manufacturing Organizations (“CMOs”), Contract Research Organizations and other third parties related to our pilot clinical study. During the six month period ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, research and development costs primarily associated with clinical trials involving the Company’s lead product candidate, totaled $615,186 and $596,067, respectively. At June 30, 2025, the estimated remaining commitment under these agreements is approximately $268,105.

Research and development costs are summarized below based on the respective geographical regions where such costs are incurred.

Schedule of Geographical Regions

	2025		2024
	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024

United States	$	416,259	$	433,483
Australia		198,927		162,584
Total	$	615,186	$	596,067

4. Warrant Liability

In October 2022, the Company completed a public equity offering, which included the issuance of 9,029 warrants to purchase shares of common stock that expire in October 2027. The warrants provide for a Black Scholes value calculation, as defined, in the event of certain fundamental transactions, which includes a floor on volatility utilized in the Black Scholes value calculation at 100% or greater. The Company has determined that this provision introduces leverage to the holders of the warrants that could result in a value that would be greater than the settlement amount of a fixed-for-fixed option on the Company’s own equity shares. Accordingly, pursuant to ASC 815, the Company has classified the fair value of the warrants as a liability to be re-measured at the end of every reporting period with the change in value reported in the statement of operations.

The warrant liability was valued at the following dates using a Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions:

	June 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Warrant liability:
Risk-free interest rate		3.73	%		4.28	%
Expected volatility		152.82	%		146.75	%
Expected life (in years)		2.28			2.78
Expected dividend yield		-			-

Fair Value of warrant liability	$	2,413		$	4,670

The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company determines expected volatility based upon the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The Company does not believe that the future volatility of its common stock over an option’s expected term is likely to differ significantly from the past. The expected term of the warrants granted are determined based on the duration of time the warrants are expected to be outstanding. The dividend yield on the Company’s warrants is assumed to be zero as the Company has not historically paid dividends.

F-10

5. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes the Company to issue a total of 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock. No shares have been issued.

Common Stock

The Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes the Company to issue a total of 100,000,000 shares of common stock. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had an aggregate of 1,685,260 and 492,417 shares of common stock outstanding, respectively.

2025 transactions

June 2025 Public Offering

On June 27, 2025, the Company issued investors 793,750 shares of its common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase 456,250 shares of common stock for $4.00 per share (the shares of common stock had a public offering price of $4.00 per share. The pre-funded warrants had a public offering price of $3.999 per share, and the Company also received at closing the pre-funded warrants exercise price of $0.001 per share). In addition, the Company issued investors Series D warrants to purchase 1,250,000 shares of its common stock (exercise price of $4.00 per share), expiring on June 30, 2030, and Series E warrants to purchase 1,250,000 shares of common stock (exercise price of $4.00 per share), expiring on November 30, 2027. The net proceeds received from the sale of common stock, pre-funded warrants and warrants, net of cash costs of $647,208, was $4,352,792.

On June 27, 2025, 266,250 shares of common stock were issued upon the exercise of 266,250 pre-funded warrants. On June 30, 2025, another 80,000 shares of common stock were issued upon the exercise of 80,000 pre-funded warrants.

In addition, warrants to purchase 75,000 shares of common stock were issued to the placement agent. The placement agent warrants have an exercise price of $5.00 per share and were exercisable immediately upon issuance for a term of five years.

At the Market (ATM) Offering Program

In September 2024, the Company entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”). Under the ATM Agreement, the Company may, from time to time, in its sole discretion, issue and sell through Wainwright up to $1,143,121 of shares of its common stock. In December 2024, the Company filed a prospectus supplement and increased the aggregate offering that can be sold under the ATM Agreement by $535,000 (the “ATM Facility”).

Pursuant to the ATM Agreement, the Company may sell the shares by any method permitted that is deemed an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. The Company will pay Wainwright a commission of 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold under the ATM Agreement.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company sold 52,843 shares of common stock through the ATM Facility for net proceeds of $347,549, after deducting $13,029 in offering costs.

2024 transactions

March 2024 Offering

On March 6, 2024, the Company sold 19,833 shares of common stock together with warrants to purchase 19,833 shares of common stock (exercise price of $14.58 per share), expiring on March 6, 2029, at a combined public offering price of $15.36. In addition, the Company sold pre-funded warrants to purchase 110,375 shares of common stock together with warrants to purchase 110,375 shares of common stock, for a combined price of $15.354. The net proceeds received from the sale of common stock, pre-funded warrants and warrants, net of cash costs of $495,227, was $1,504,113.

The 130,208 warrants have an exercise price of $14.58 per share, and were exercisable immediately for a term of five years. The 110,375 pre-funded warrants have an exercise price of $0.001 per share and were exercisable immediately until fully exercised.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, 60,542 pre-funded warrants were exercised and 60,542 shares of common stock were issued. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the balance of 49,833 pre-funded warrants were exercised and 49,833 shares of common stock were issued.

In addition, warrants to purchase 7,812 shares of common stock were issued to the placement agent, in connection with the March 2024 offering. The placement agent warrants have an exercise price of $19.20 per share and were exercisable immediately upon issuance for a term of five years.

F-11

6. Common Stock Warrants

A summary of warrant activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 is presented below:

Schedule of Warrant Activity

Subject to Exercise	Number of Warrants			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Life (Years)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024		309,037		$	92.94		3.04
Issued – 2025		3,031,250			3.47		3.28
Forfeited/Expired – 2025		-			-		-
Exercised – 2025		(346,250	)		-		-
Outstanding as of June 30, 2025		2,994,037		$	13.09		3.20

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had outstanding exercisable, but unexercised common stock warrants as follows:

Date Issued	Exercise Price		Number of Warrants		Expiration date
October 2021	$	9,072.00		1,279	October 13, 2026
October 2022	$	2,332.80		3,010	October 12, 2027
October 2022	$	1,944.00		3,142	October 12, 2027
October 2022	$	0.00		399	October 12, 2027
November 2023	$	24.96		23,732	November 16, 2028
November 2023	$	38.40		1,427	May 21, 2029
March 2024	$	19.20		7,814	March 6, 2029
August 2024	$	12.00		130,210	February 2, 2026
August 2024	$	12.00		130,210	August 2, 2029
August 2024	$	20.10		7,814	August 2, 2029
June 2025	$	4.00		1,250,000	October 17, 2027
June 2025	$	4.00		1,250,000	June 30, 2030
June 2025	$	5.00		75,000	June 30, 2030
June 2025	$	0.001		110,000	-
Total outstanding warrants at June 30, 2025				2,994,037

Based on a fair market value of $4.03 per share on June 30, 2025, there were 399 exercisable but unexercised in-the-money common stock warrants on that date. Accordingly, the intrinsic value attributed to exercisable but unexercised common stock warrants at June 30, 2025 was $519,897.

7. Stock-based Compensation

2015 Equity Incentive Plan

The Company has 5,104,915 shares of common stock authorized and reserved for issuance under its 2015 Equity Incentive Plan for option awards. This reserve may be increased by the Board of Directors each year by up to the number of shares of stock equal to 5% of the number of shares of stock issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31. In May 2025, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan that, among other items, increased the number of shares available under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan by 5,000,000 shares. Appropriate adjustments will be made in the number of authorized shares and other numerical limits in the Company’s 2015 Equity Incentive Plan and in outstanding awards to prevent dilution or enlargement of participants’ rights in the event of a stock split or other change in the Company’s capital structure. Shares subject to awards granted under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan which expire, are repurchased or are cancelled or forfeited will again become available for issuance under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan. The shares available will not be reduced by awards settled in cash. Shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations will not again become available for grant. The gross number of shares issued upon the exercise of stock appreciation rights or options exercised by means of a net exercise or by tender of previously owned shares will be deducted from the shares available under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan.

Awards may be granted under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan to the Company’s employees, including officers, director or consultants, and its present or future affiliated entities. While the Company may grant incentive stock options only to employees, it may grant non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock purchase rights or bonuses, restricted stock units, performance shares, performance units and cash-based awards or other stock based awards to any eligible participant.

F-12

The 2015 Equity Incentive Plan is administered by the Company’s compensation committee. Subject to the provisions of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, the compensation committee determines, in its discretion, the persons to whom, and the times at which, awards are granted, as well as the size, terms and conditions of each award. All awards are evidenced by a written agreement between the Company and the holder of the award. The compensation committee has the authority to construe and interpret the terms of the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan and awards granted under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan.

A summary of stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025 is presented below:

Schedule of Stock Option Activity

Subject to Exercise	Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Life (Years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024		32,434		$	42.14		7.25	$	-
Granted – 2025		55,461			5.41		10.00		-
Forfeited/Expired – 2025		(39	)		-		-		-
Exercised – 2025		-			-		-		-
Outstanding as of June 30, 2025		87,856		$	103.29		7.47	$	-
Options vested and exercisable at June 30, 2025		56,407		$	157.94		6.10	$	-

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had outstanding stock options as follows:

Schedule of Outstanding Stock Options

Date Issued	Exercise Price		Number of Options		Expiration date
August 2015	$	57,240.00		30	December 27, 2025
September 2015	$	57,240.00		8	December 27, 2025
November 2015	$	57,240.00		35	December 27, 2025
December 2015	$	57,240.00		6	December 27, 2025
January 2016	$	57,240.00		39	January 9, 2026
May 2016	$	73,800.00		8	May 26, 2026
September 2016	$	73,800.00		3	May 31, 2026
January 2017	$	73,800.00		2	January 1, 2027
January 2018	$	70,920.00		2	January 1, 2028
January 2019	$	3,384.00		15	January 1, 2029
October 2021	$	7,560.00		35	October 26, 2031
January 2022	$	5,068.80		21	January 1, 2032
August 2022	$	2,323.58		78	August 23, 2032
September 2023	$	30.72		4,468	September 12, 2033
January 2024	$	28.08		1,337	January 8, 2034
January 2024	$	21.66		6,251	January 17, 2026
September 2024	$	10.38		15,357	September 17, 2034
October 2024	$	11.28		4,700	October 16, 2034
January 2025	$	5.82		13,529	January 15, 2027
June 2025	$	5.28		41,932	June 5, 2035

Total outstanding options at June 30, 2025				87,856

Based on a fair value of $4.03 per share on June 30, 2025, there were no exercisable but unexercised in-the-money common stock warrants on that date.

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, options exercisable into 39 shares of common stock expired. Vesting of options differs based on the terms of each option. During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had stock-based compensation expense of $123,504 and $70,124, respectively, related to the vesting of stock options granted to the Company’s employees and directors included in our reported net loss. In addition, during the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, options exercisable into 13,529 and 6,251, shares of common stock respectively, were issued to employees in settlement of previously accrued bonuses of $46,183 and $77,400, respectively.

The Company utilized the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The assumptions used for the six months ended June 30, 2025 are as follows:

	June 30, 2025
Risk free interest rate		3.99	%
Expected Volatility		139.92	%
Expected life (in years)		5.31
Expected dividend yield		0	%

F-13

The expected volatility is a measure of the amount by which the Company stock price is expected to fluctuate during the expected term of options granted. The Company determines the expected volatility based upon the historical volatility of our common stock since listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The Company does not believe that the future volatility of its common stock over an option’s expected term is likely to differ significantly from the past. The risk-free interest rate used in the calculations is based on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury issues with an equivalent term approximating the expected life of the options as calculated using the simplified method. The expected life of the options used was based on the contractual life of the option granted. Stock-based compensation is a non-cash expense because the Company settles these obligations by issuing shares of its common stock from its authorized shares instead of settling such obligations with cash payments.

As of June 30, 2025, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options was $164,612. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.63 years.

8. Segment information

The CODM has been identified as the CEO. The Company’s CODM evaluates performance and makes operating decisions about allocating resources based on financial data presented on a consolidated basis. Because the CODM evaluates financial performance on a consolidated basis, the Company has determined that it has a single operating segment composed of the consolidated financial results of Bone Biologics Corporation.

Significant segment expenses include research and development, salaries, insurance, and stock-based compensation. Operating expenses include all remaining costs necessary to operate our business, which primarily include external professional services and other administrative expenses. The following table presents the significant segment expenses and other segment items regularly reviewed by our CODM:

	2025			2024
	Six months ended June 30,
	2025			2024
Revenue	$	-		$	-

Less:
Research and development		615,186			596,067
Salaries		250,000			250,000
Insurance		143,193			199,585
Stock-based compensation		123,504			70,124
Operating expenses		652,423			549,330
Other income		(26,695	)		(15,403	)
Net loss	$	(1,757,611	)	$	(1,649,703	)

9. Commitments and Contingencies

UCLA TDG Exclusive License Agreement

Effective April 9, 2019, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, as so amended (the “Amended License Agreement”), with the UCLA TDG. The Amended License Agreement amends and restates the Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement, dated as of June 19, 2017 (the “2017 Agreement”). The 2017 Agreement amended and restated the Exclusive License Agreement, effective March 15, 2006, between the Company and UCLA TDG, as amended by ten amendments. Under the terms of the Amended License Agreement, the Regents have continued to grant the Company exclusive rights to develop and commercialize NELL-1 (the “Licensed Product”) for spinal fusion by local administration, osteoporosis and trauma applications. The Licensed Product is a recombinant human protein growth factor that is essential for normal bone development.

The Company has agreed to pay an annual maintenance fee to UCLA TDG of $10,000 as well as pay certain royalties to UCLA TDG under the Amended License Agreement at the rate of 3.0% of net sales of licensed products or licensed methods. The Company must pay the royalties to UCLA TDG on a quarterly basis. Upon a first commercial sale, the Company also must pay a minimum annual royalty between $50,000 and $250,000, depending on the calendar year which is after the first commercial sale. If the Company is required to pay a third party any royalties as a result of it making use of UCLA TDG patents, then it may reduce the royalty owed to UCLA TDG by 0.333% for every percentage point paid to a third party. If the Company grants sublicense rights to a third party to use the UCLA TDG patent, then it will pay UCLA TDG 10% to 20% of the sublicensing income it receives from such sublicense.

The Company is obligated to make the following milestone payments to UCLA TDG for each Licensed Product or Licensed Method:

	●	$100,000 upon enrollment of the first subject in a Feasibility Study;

	●	$250,000 upon enrollment of the first subject in a Pivotal Study:

	●	$500,000 upon Pre-Market Approval of a Licensed Product or Licensed Method; and

	●	$1,000,000 upon the First Commercial Sale of a Licensed Product or Licensed Method.

F-14

The Company is also obligated pay to UCLA TDG a fee (the “Diligence Fee”) of $8,000,000 upon the sale of any Licensed Product (the “Triggering Sale Date”) in accordance with the payment schedule below:

	●	Due upon cumulative Net Sales equaling $50,000,000 following the Triggering Sale Date - $2,000,000;

	●	Due upon cumulative Net Sales equaling $100,000,000 following the Triggering Sale Date - $2,000,000; and

	●	Due upon cumulative Net Sales equaling $200,000,000 following the Triggering Sale Date - $4,000,000.

The Company’s obligation to pay the Diligence Fee will survive termination or expiration of the Amended License and it is prohibited from assigning, selling, or otherwise transferring any of its assets related to any Licensed Product unless its Diligence Fee obligation is assigned, sold, or transferred along with such assets, or unless it pays UCLA TDG the Diligence Fee within ten (10) days of such assignment, sale or other transfer of such rights to any Licensed Product.

The Company is also obligated to pay UCLA TDG a cash milestone payment within thirty (30) days of a Liquidity Event (including a Change of Control Transaction and a payment election by UCLA TDG exercisable after December 22, 2016) such payment to equal the greater of (i) $500,000; or (ii) 2% of all proceeds in connection with a Change of Control Transaction.

During 2024, the first patients were treated in the multicenter, prospective, randomized pilot clinical study of the Company’s NB1 bone graft device, triggering the payment of the initial $100,000 Feasibility Study milestone.

The Company is obligated to diligently proceed with developing and commercializing licensed products under UCLA TDG patents set forth in the Amended License Agreement. UCLA TDG has the right to either terminate the license or reduce the license to a non-exclusive license if it does not meet certain diligence milestone deadlines set forth in the Amended License Agreement.

The Company must reimburse or pre-pay UCLA TDG for patent prosecution and maintenance costs incurred during the term of the Amended License Agreement. The Company has the right to bring infringement actions against third-party infringers of the Amended License Agreement, UCLA TDG may join voluntarily, at its own expense, or, at the Company’s expense, be joined involuntarily to the action. The Company is required to indemnify UCLA TDG against any third-party claims arising out of its exercise of the rights under the Amended License Agreement or any sublicense.

Payments to UCLA TDG under the Amended License Agreement for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were $17,292 and $118,151, respectively.

Contingencies

The Company is subject to claims and assessments from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company’s management does not believe that any such matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

10. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through August 14, 2025, the date which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued. There were no additional subsequent events noted that would require adjustment to or disclosure in these consolidated financial statements.

F-15

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and the related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, with the SEC on February 26, 2025. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Note On Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of many factors.

Company Overview

We are a medical device company that is currently focused on bone regeneration in spinal fusion using the recombinant human protein known as NELL-1. NELL-1 in combination with DBM, demineralized bone matrix, is an osteopromotive recombinant protein that provides target specific control over bone regeneration. The NELL-1 technology platform has been licensed exclusively for worldwide applications to us through a technology transfer from UCLA TDG. UCLA TDG and the Company received guidance from the FDA that NELL-1/DBM will be classified as a device/drug combination product that will require an FDA-approved PMA before it can be commercialized in the United States.

We were founded by University of California professors in collaboration with an Osaka University professor and a University of Southern California surgeon in 2004 as a privately-held company with proprietary, patented platform technology. Our platform technology has been validated in sheep and non-human primate models to facilitate bone growth. We believe our platform technology has application in delivering improved outcomes in the surgical specialties of spinal, orthopedic, general orthopedic, plastic reconstruction, neurosurgery, interventional radiology, and sports medicine. Lead product development and clinical studies are targeted on spinal fusion surgery, one of the larger segments in the orthopedic market.

We are a clinical-stage entity. The production and marketing of our products and ongoing research and development activities are subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities in the United States. Prior to marketing in the United States, any combination product developed by us must undergo rigorous preclinical (animal) and clinical (human) testing and an extensive regulatory approval process implemented by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. There can be no assurance that we will not encounter problems in clinical trials that will cause us or the FDA to delay or suspend clinical trials.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and retain patents and product license rights, maintain trade secrets, and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others, both in the United States and other countries. In the second quarter of 2025, we submitted a patent application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) regarding proprietary compositions of rhNELL-1 polypeptide for treating bone conditions There can be no assurance that the USPTO will approve our patent application or that the patents issued to or licensed by us will not be challenged, invalidated, rendered unenforceable, or circumvented, or that the rights granted thereunder will provide proprietary protection or competitive advantages to us.

During 2024, we announced the treatment of the first patients in the multicenter, prospective, randomized pilot clinical study of our NB1 bone graft device. NB1 is NELL-1 protein combined with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) to provide rapid, specific and guided control over bone regeneration.

The pilot clinical study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness, fusion success, pain, function improvement and adverse events of NB1 in up to 30 adult subjects who undergo transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion to treat degenerative disc disease (DDD). To be enrolled in the study, patients must have DDD at one level from L2-S1 and may also have up to Grade 1 spondylolisthesis or Grade 1 retrolisthesis at the involved level. The study is being conducted in Australia. The study design was previously reviewed and agreed upon by the FDA’s Division of Orthopedic Devices in a Pre-submission to support progression to a pivotal clinical trial in the United States.

Recent Developments

Nasdaq Compliance

On April 7, 2025, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq indicating that, based on the closing bid price of our common stock for 30 consecutive business days, we no longer met Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), which requires listed companies to maintain a minimum bid price of at least $1 per share (the “Bid Price Rule”). We received notice from Nasdaq on June 25, 2025 that we had regained compliance with the Bid Price Rule.

Reverse Stock Split

On June 5, 2025, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to effect a 1-for-6 reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock. The reverse stock split became effective on June 10, 2025. The conversion or exercise prices of our issued and outstanding stock options and warrants were adjusted accordingly in connection with the reverse stock split.

June 2025 Offering

On June 27, 2025, we issued 793,750 shares of common stock, together with Series D warrants to purchase 793,750 shares of common stock (exercise price of $4.00 per share), expiring on June 30, 2030, and Series E warrants to purchase 793,750 shares of common stock (exercise price of $4.00 per share), expiring on November 30, 2027, at a combined public offering price of $4.00 per share and accompanying warrants and pre-funded warrants to purchase 456,250 shares of common stock, together with Series D Warrants to purchase 456,250 shares of common stock and Series E Warrants to purchase 456,250 shares of common stock at a combined public offering price of $3.999 per pre-funded warrant and accompanying warrants (the “June Offering”).

Results of Operations

Since our inception, we devoted substantially all of our efforts and funding to the development of the NELL-1 protein and raising capital. We have not yet generated revenues from our planned operations.

Three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the Three months ended June 30, 2024

	Three-months ended June 30, 2025			Three-months ended June 30, 2024			% Change
Operating expenses
Research and development	$	191,608		$	350,442			(45.32	)%
General and administrative		556,467			459,223			21.18	%

Total operating expenses		748,075			809,665			(7.61	)%

Loss from operations		(748,075	)		(809,665	)		(7.61	)%

Change in fair value of warrant liability		902			10,785			(91.64	)%

Interest income		6,654			15,147			(56.07	)%

Net loss	$	(740,519	)	$	(783,733	)		(5.51	)%

Research and Development

Our research and development expenditures decreased from $350,442 for the three months ending June 30, 2024, to $191,608 for the same period in 2025, marking a decrease of $158,834. The decrease in costs can be attributed to timing of our clinical trial. We anticipate continued substantial investment in development activities for NELL-1 as we prepare for our pivotal clinical study in the future.

General and Administrative

Our general and administrative expenses increased by $97,244, rising from $459,223 for the three months ended June 30, 2024, to $556,467 for the same period in 2025. The increase is primarily attributable to the timing of the issuance of compensation stock options to our directors, which were granted on the date of our annual meeting. In 2025, the annual meeting was held in May, and expense recognition occurred in the three months ended June 30, 2025. In 2024, the annual meeting was held in September, with the expense recognition in the quarter ending September 30, 2024.

Change in fair value of warrant liability

In October 2022, we completed a public equity offering, which included the issuance of 9,029 warrants to purchase shares of common stock that expire in October 2027. The warrants provide for a Black Scholes value calculation in the event of certain fundamental transactions, which includes a floor on volatility utilized in the value calculation at 100% or greater. We have determined that this provision introduces leverage to the holders of the warrants that could result in a value that would be greater than the settlement amount of a fixed-for-fixed option on the Company’s own equity shares. Accordingly, pursuant to ASC 815, we have classified the fair value of the warrants as a liability to be re-measured at the end of every reporting period with the change in value reported in the statement of operations.

The change in fair value of warrant liability represents the re-measurement of the outstanding warrants at June 30, 2025.

Six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the Six months ended June 30, 2024

	Six-months ended June 30, 2025			Six-months ended June 30, 2024			% Change
Operating expenses
Research and development	$	615,186		$	596,067			3.21	%
General and administrative		1,171,377			1,117,135			4.86	%

Total operating expenses		1,786,563			1,713,202			4.28	%

Loss from operations		(1,786,563	)		(1,713,202	)		4.28	%

Change in fair value of warrant liability		2,257			48,096			(95.31	)%

Interest income		26,695			15,403			73.31	%

Net loss	$	(1,757,611	)	$	(1,649,703	)		6.54	%

Research and Development

Our research and development expenditures increased from $596,067 for the six months ending June 30, 2024, to $615,186 for the same period in 2025. We anticipate continued substantial investment in development activities for NELL-1 as we prepare for our pivotal clinical study in the future.

General and Administrative

Our general and administrative costs increased $54,242 from $1,117,135 for the six months ending June 30, 2024, to $1,171,377 for the corresponding period in 2025. The increase is primarily attributable to the timing of the issuance of compensation stock options to our directors, which were granted on the date of our annual meeting. In 2025, the annual meeting was held in May, and expense recognition occurred in the six months ended June 30, 2025. In 2024, the annual meeting was held in September, with the expense recognition in the quarter ending September 30, 2024.

Change in fair value of warrant liability

The change in fair value of warrant liability represents the re-measurement of the outstanding warrants at June 30, 2025.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Going Concern and Liquidity

We have no significant operating history and since inception to June 30, 2025 have incurred accumulated losses of approximately $86.8 million. We will continue to incur significant expenses for development activities for our lead product NELL-1/DBM. Operating expenditures for the next twelve months are estimated at $6.8 million. The accompanying consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2025 have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern. As reflected in the financial statements, we incurred a net loss of $1.8 million, and used net cash in operating activities of $1.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2025. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within a reasonable period of time, which is considered to be one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm, in their report on the Company’s December 31, 2024, audited financial statements, expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

On June 27, 2025, we issued investors 793,750 shares of common stock and pre-funded warrants to purchase 456,250 shares of common stock for $4.00 per share (the shares of common stock had a public offering price of $4.00 per share. The pre-funded warrants had a public offering price of $3.999 per share, and we also received at closing the pre-funded warrants exercise price of $0.001 per share). In addition, we issued investors Series D warrants to purchase 1,250,000 shares of common stock (exercise price of $4.00 per share), expiring on June 30, 2030, and Series E warrants to purchase 1,250,000 shares of common stock (exercise price of $4.00 per share), expiring on November 30, 2027. The net proceeds received from the sale of common stock, pre-funded warrants and warrants, net of cash costs of $647,208, was $4,352,792.

We will continue to attempt to raise additional debt and/or equity financing to fund future operations and to provide additional working capital. However, there is no assurance that such financing will be consummated or obtained in sufficient amounts necessary to meet our needs. If cash resources are insufficient to satisfy our on-going cash requirements, we will be required to scale back or discontinue our product development programs, or obtain funds if available (although there can be no certainties) through strategic alliances that may require us to relinquish rights to our technology or substantially reduce or discontinue our operations entirely. No assurance can be given that any future financing will be available or, if available, that it will be on terms that are satisfactory to us. Even if we are able to obtain additional financing, it may contain undue restrictions on our operations, in the case of debt financing, or cause substantial dilution for our stockholders, in the case of equity financing.

At June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had cash of $6,640,468 and $3,325,131, respectively.

Available cash is expected to fund our operations into the second quarter of 2026.

Cash Flows

Operating activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, cash used in operating activities was $1,385,004 and $2,199,276, respectively. Cash expenditures for the six months ended June 30, 2025 decreased due to the legal settlement payment in January 2024 that did not reoccur during the current period.

Financing activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2025, cash provided by financing activities was $4,700,341 from the net proceeds of the ATM Facility, the net proceeds of the June Offering and the exercise of pre-funded warrants.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on the Company’s financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

See our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 for a discussion of our critical accounting policies and use of estimates. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and use of estimates discussed in such report.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Executive Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of June 30, 2025. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Executive Officer concluded that as of June 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Controls

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

In the normal course of our business, we may periodically become subject to various lawsuits. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

For a discussion of the Company’s potential risks or uncertainties, please see “Part I—Item 1A—Risk Factors” and “Part II—Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC, and “Part I—Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” herein. There have been no material changes from the risk factors as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 except as noted herein.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not Applicable

Item 5. Other Information.

Insider Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended June 30, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits.

(a)

Exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

		Incorporated by reference
Exhibit		(unless otherwise indicated)
Number	Exhibit Title	Form	File	Exhibit	Filing date

3.1	Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, filed June 5, 2025	8-K	001-40899	3.1	June 6, 2025