UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022

001-12934

(Commission file number)

ImmuCell Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

01-0382980

(State of Incorporation)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

56 Evergreen Drive, Portland, ME		04103
(Address of principal executive office)		(Zip Code)

(207) 878-2770

(Registrant’s telephone number)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of each class		Trading symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.10 par value per share		ICCC		Nasdaq

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of May 6, 2022 was 7,742,864.

ImmuCell Corporation

TABLE OF CONTENTS
March 31, 2022

PART I: FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.	Unaudited Financial Statements

	Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021	1

	Statements of Operations during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021	2

	Statements of Stockholders’ Equity during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021	3

	Statements of Cash Flows during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021	4-5

	Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements	6-23

ITEM 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24-37

ITEM 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	37

ITEM 4.	Controls and Procedures	37

PART II: OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1 THROUGH 6		38-46

	Signature	47

ImmuCell Corporation

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. UNAUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

BALANCE SHEETS

	(Unaudited) As of March 31, 2022			As of December 31, 2021
ASSETS

CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11,817,136		$	10,185,468
Trade accounts receivable, net		2,652,591			2,694,229
Inventory		3,435,834			3,089,974
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		393,540			295,197
Total current assets		18,299,101			16,264,868

PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, net		27,132,148			26,893,599
OPERATING LEASE RIGHT-OF-USE ASSET		1,078,051			1,109,133
GOODWILL		95,557			95,557
INTANGIBLE ASSETS, net		71,640			76,416
OTHER ASSETS		22,999			26,115
TOTAL ASSETS	$	46,699,496		$	44,465,688

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Current portion of debt obligations	$	947,279		$	812,207
Current portion of operating lease liability		110,052			108,012
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		1,293,769			1,614,250
Total current liabilities		2,351,100			2,534,469

LONG-TERM LIABILITIES:
Debt obligations, net of current portion		9,977,743			8,327,122
Operating lease liability, net of current portion		998,114			1,027,157
Total long-term liabilities		10,975,857			9,354,279

TOTAL LIABILITIES		13,326,957			11,888,748

CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS (See Note 11)

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Common stock, $0.10 par value per share, 15,000,000 and 15,000,000 shares authorized, 7,814,165 and 7,814,165 shares issued and 7,742,864 and 7,741,864 shares outstanding, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.		781,417			781,417
Additional paid-in capital		35,750,133			35,395,388
Accumulated deficit		(3,003,028	)		(3,738,694	)
Treasury stock, at cost, 71,301 and 72,301 shares as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		(155,983	)		(158,171	)
Total stockholders’ equity		33,372,539			32,576,940

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	46,699,496		$	44,465,688

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited financial statements.

ImmuCell Corporation

STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)

	During the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31,
	2022		2021

Product sales	$	5,999,684	$	4,107,146
Costs of goods sold		2,896,461		2,504,958
Gross margin		3,103,223		1,602,188

Product development expenses		1,035,935		1,031,064
Sales and marketing expenses		811,500		520,597
Administrative expenses		462,800		425,152

Operating expenses		2,310,235		1,976,813

NET OPERATING INCOME (LOSS)		792,988		(374,625	)

Other expenses, net		56,174		66,678

INCOME (LOSS) BEFORE INCOME TAXES		736,814		(441,303	)

Income tax expense		1,148		—

NET INCOME (LOSS)	$	735,666	$	(441,303	)

Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		7,742,120		7,219,436
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.10	$	(0.06	)
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding		7,789,474		7,219,436
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.09	$	(0.06	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited financial statements.

ImmuCell Corporation

STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)

	Common Stock									Treasury Stock
	Shares		Amount		Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated Deficit			Shares			Amount			Total Stockholders’ Equity

During the Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2022:
BALANCE, December 31, 2021		7,814,165	$	781,417	$	35,692,388	$	(3,738,694	)		72,301		$	(158,171	)	$	32,576,940
Net income		—		—		—		735,666			—			—			735,666
Exercise of stock options		—		—		3,652		—			(1,000	)		2,188			5,840
Stock-based compensation		—		—		54,093		—			—			—			54,093
BALANCE, March 31, 2022		7,814,165	$	781,417	$	35,750,133	$	(3,003,028	)		71,301		$	(155,983	)	$	33,372,539

During the Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2021:
BALANCE, December 31, 2020		7,299,009	$	729,901	$	31,372,093	$	(3,660,402	)		80,173		$	(175,392	)	$	28,266,200
Net loss		—		—		—		(441,303	)		—			—			(441,303	)
Exercise of stock options		—		—		7,305		—			(2,000	)		4,375			11,680
Stock-based compensation		—		—		34,629		—			—			—			34,629
BALANCE, March 31, 2021		7,299,009	$	729,901	$	31,414,027	$	(4,101,705	)		78,173		$	(171,017	)	$	27,871,206

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited financial statements.

ImmuCell Corporation

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

	During the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income (loss)	$	735,666		$	(441,303	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities:
Depreciation		616,847			614,695
Amortization of intangible assets		4,776			4,776
Amortization and write-off of debt issuance costs		1,905			1,960
Stock-based compensation		54,093			34,629
Gain on disposal of fixed assets		(11,000	)		(10,000	)
Non-cash rent expense		4,079			2,679
Changes in:
Trade accounts receivable		41,638			(593,404	)
Accrued interest income		—			495
Inventory		(345,860	)		(29,936	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(98,343	)		(169,271	)
Other assets		3,116			2,787
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		(368,382	)		(41,653	)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities		638,535			(623,546	)

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(807,496	)		(349,316	)
Maturities of investments		—			996,000
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets		11,000			10,000
Net cash (used for) provided by investing activities		(796,496	)		656,684

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from debt issuance		2,000,000			—
Debt principal repayments		(197,385	)		(190,377	)
Payments of debt issuance costs		(18,826	)		2,272
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		5,840			11,680
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities		1,789,629			(176,425	)

NET INCREASE (DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		1,631,668			(143,287	)

BEGINNING CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		10,185,468			6,949,937

ENDING CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	$	11,817,136		$	6,806,650

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited financial statements.

ImmuCell Corporation

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION
(Unaudited)

	During the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
CASH PAID FOR:
Income taxes	$	5,535		$	—
Interest expense	$	71,877		$	78,766
NON-CASH ACTIVITIES:
Change in capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	(47,900	)	$	(80,213	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited financial statements.

ImmuCell Corporation

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements

1. BUSINESS OPERATIONS

ImmuCell Corporation (the “Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”) was originally incorporated in Maine in 1982 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1987, in conjunction with our initial public offering of common stock. We are an animal health company whose purpose is to create scientifically-proven and practical products that improve the health and productivity of dairy and beef cattle. As disclosed in Note 17, “Segment Information”, one of our business segments is dedicated to growing sales of First Defense^® and the other is focused on developing sales of Re-Tain^®. We manufacture and market the First Defense^® product line for the prevention of scours in newborn dairy and beef calves. We have expanded this line into four different products with formulations targeting E. coli, coronavirus and rotavirus pathogens. This product line provides Immediate Immunity™ to newborn calves. We are also in the late stages of developing Re-Tain^®, a treatment for lactating dairy cows with subclinical mastitis, mastitis being the most significant cause of economic loss to the dairy industry. These products help reduce the need to use traditional antibiotics in food producing animals. We are subject to certain risks including dependence on key individuals and third-party providers of critical goods and services, competition from other larger companies, the successful sale of existing products and the development of new viable products with appropriate regulatory approvals, where applicable.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has created, and continues to create, uncertainty for us. The full impact of this viral outbreak on the global economy, and the duration of such impact, is still uncertain at this time. A combination of the conditions, trends and concerns related to or arising from the pandemic could have a corresponding negative effect on our business and operations, including the supply of the colostrum we purchase to produce our First Defense^® product line, the demand for our products in the U.S. market and our ability to penetrate or maintain a profitable presence in international markets. We are experiencing price increases and shortages in key components, supportive services, transportation and other supplies that may cause production slowdowns that affect our ability to consistently deliver our products to market on time in accordance with customer demand. Despite some recent favorable trends, we maintain our diligence because this is a risk to our business.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

(a) Basis of Presentation

We have prepared the accompanying unaudited financial statements reflecting all adjustments (which are of a normal recurring nature) that are, in our opinion, necessary in order to ensure that the financial statements are not misleading. We follow accounting standards set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The FASB sets Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) that we follow to ensure we consistently report our financial condition, results of operations, earnings per share and cash flows. References to GAAP in these footnotes are to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™ (Codification). We believe that the disclosures are adequate to ensure that the information presented is not misleading.

(b) Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investment instruments that mature within three months of their purchase dates to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are principally invested in securities backed by the U.S. government. Certain cash balances in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) limits of $250,000 per financial institution per depositor are maintained in money market accounts at financial institutions that are secured, in part, by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. Amounts in excess of these FDIC limits per bank that are not invested in securities backed by the U.S. government aggregated $0 as of both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. We account for investments in marketable securities in accordance with Codification Topic 320, Investments — Debt and Equity Securities. See Note 3.

(c) Trade Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivable are carried at the original invoice amount less an estimate made for doubtful collection when applicable. Management determines the allowance for doubtful accounts on a monthly basis by identifying troubled accounts and by using historical experience applied to an aging of accounts. Accounts receivable are considered to be past due if a portion of the receivable balance is outstanding for more than 30 days. Past due accounts receivable are subject to an interest charge. Accounts receivable are written off when deemed uncollectible. The amount of accounts receivable written off during all periods reported was immaterial. Recoveries of accounts receivable previously written off are recorded as income when received. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we determined that no allowance for doubtful accounts was necessary. See Note 4.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

(d) Inventory

Inventory includes raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods and is recorded at the lower of cost, on the first-in, first-out method, or net realizable value (determined as the estimated selling price in the normal course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation). Work-in-process and finished goods inventories include materials, labor and manufacturing overhead. At each balance sheet date, we evaluate our ending inventories for excess quantities and obsolescence. Inventories that we consider excess or obsolete are written down to estimated net realizable value. Once inventory is written down and a new cost basis is established, it is not written back up if demand increases. We believe that supplies and raw materials for the production of our products are available from more than one vendor or farm. Our policy is to maintain more than one source of supply for the components used in our products when feasible. See Note 5.

(e) Property, Plant and Equipment, net

We depreciate property, plant and equipment on the straight-line method by charges to operations and costs of goods sold in amounts estimated to expense the cost of the assets from the date they are first put into service to the end of the estimated useful lives of the assets. The facility we have constructed at 33 Caddie Lane to produce the Nisin Drug Substance for Re-Tain^® is being depreciated over 39 years from when a certificate of occupancy was issued during the fourth quarter of 2017. We began depreciating the equipment for our Nisin Drug Substance facility when it was placed in service during the third quarter of 2018. Approximately 87% of these assets are being depreciated over 10 years. We began depreciating the leasehold improvements to our new First Defense^®production facility at 175 Industrial Way over the remainder of the 10-year lease term beginning when a certificate of occupancy was issued during the second quarter of 2020. Significant repairs to fixed assets that benefit more than a current period are capitalized and depreciated over their useful lives. Insignificant repairs are expensed when incurred. See Note 7.

(f) Intangible Assets and Goodwill

We amortize intangible assets on the straight-line method by charges to costs of goods sold in amounts estimated to expense the cost of the assets from the date they are first put into service to the end of the estimated useful lives of the assets. We have recorded intangible assets related to customer relationships, non-compete agreements and developed technology, each with defined useful lives. We have classified as goodwill the amounts paid in excess of fair value of the net assets (including tax attributes) acquired in purchase transactions. We assess the impairment of intangible assets and goodwill that have indefinite lives at the reporting unit level on an annual basis (as of December 31^st) and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We would record an impairment charge if such an assessment were to indicate that the fair value of such assets was less than the carrying value. Judgment is required in determining whether an event has occurred that may impair the value of goodwill or identifiable intangible assets. Factors that could indicate that an impairment may exist include significant under-performance relative to plan or long-term projections, significant changes in business strategy and significant negative industry or economic trends. Although we believe intangible assets and goodwill are properly stated in the accompanying financial statements, changes in strategy or market conditions could significantly impact these judgments and require an adjustment to the recorded balance. No goodwill impairments were recorded during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022 or the year ended December 31, 2021. See Notes 2(g) and 8 for additional disclosures.

(g) Valuation of Long-Lived Assets

We periodically evaluate our long-lived assets, consisting principally of fixed assets, operating lease right-of-use asset and amortizable intangible assets, for potential impairment. In accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for the treatment of long-lived assets, we review the carrying value of our long-lived assets or asset group that is held and used, including intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Under the held for use approach, the asset or asset group to be tested for impairment should represent the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. We evaluate our long-lived assets whenever events or circumstances suggest that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. No impairment was recognized during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022 or the year ended December 31, 2021.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

(h) Fair Value Measurements

In determining fair value measurements, we follow the provisions of Codification Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Codification Topic 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under GAAP and enhances disclosures about fair value measurements. The topic provides a consistent definition of fair value which focuses on an exit price, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The topic also prioritizes, within the measurement of fair value, the use of market-based information over entity-specific information and establishes a three-level hierarchy for fair value measurements based on the nature of inputs used in the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, other assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of their short-term nature. The amount outstanding under our bank debt facilities is measured at carrying value in our accompanying balance sheets. Our bank debt facilities are valued using Level 2 inputs. The estimated fair value of our bank debt facilities approximates their carrying value based on similar instruments with similar maturities. The three-level hierarchy is as follows:

Level 1 —	Pricing inputs are quoted prices available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date.

Level 2 —	Pricing inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term through corroboration with observable market data.

Level 3 —	Pricing inputs are unobservable for the assets or liabilities, that is, inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level of an asset or liability within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment. From time to time, we also hold money market mutual funds in a brokerage account, which are classified as cash equivalents and measured at fair value. The fair value of these investments is based on their closing published net asset value.

We assess the levels of the investments at each measurement date, and transfers between levels are recognized on the actual date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer in accordance with our accounting policy regarding the recognition of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy. During the three-month period ended March 31, 2022 and the year ended December 31, 2021, there were no transfers between levels. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our Level 1 assets measured at fair value by quoted prices in active markets consisted of bank savings accounts and money market funds. There were no assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

	As of March 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash and money market accounts	$	11,817,136	$	—		$	—	$	11,817,136

Liabilities:
Bank debt	$	—	$	(10,925,022	)	$	—	$	(10,925,022	)

	As of December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total
Assets:
Cash and money market accounts	$	10,185,468	$	—		$	—	$	10,185,468

Liabilities:
Bank debt	$	—	$	(9,139,329	)	$	—	$	(9,139,329	)

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

(i) Concentration of Risk

Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is principally limited to certain customers to whom we make substantial sales. To reduce risk, we routinely assess the financial strength of our customers and, as a consequence, believe that our accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited. We maintain an allowance for potential credit losses when deemed necessary, but historically we have not experienced significant credit losses related to an individual customer or groups of customers in any particular industry or geographic area. Sales to significant customers that amounted to 10% or more of total product sales are detailed in the following table:

	During the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Company A		39	%		45	%
Company B		35	%		33	%

Trade accounts receivable due from significant customers amounted to the percentages of total trade accounts receivable as detailed in the following table:

	As of March 31, 2022			As of December 31, 2021
Company A		39	%		38	%
Company B		33	%		34	%

(j) Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASC 606 is a single comprehensive model for companies to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. The core principle is that we recognize the amount of revenue to which we expect to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, the standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. We conduct our business with customers through valid purchase orders or sales orders which are considered contracts and are not interdependent on one another. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct product to the customer. The transaction price is the amount of consideration we expect to receive under the arrangement. Revenue is measured based on consideration specified in a contract with a customer. The transaction price of a contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized when or as the customer receives the benefit of the performance obligation. Product transaction prices on a purchase or sales order are discrete and stand-alone. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation in a contract by transferring control over a product to a customer when product delivery occurs. Amounts due are typically paid approximately 30 days from the time control is transferred. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost in costs of goods sold. We do not bill for or collect sales tax because our sales are generally made to distributors and thus our sales to them are not subject to sales tax. We generally have experienced an immaterial amount of product returns. We have enhanced disclosures related to disaggregation of revenue sources and accounting policies prospectively as a result of adopting this standard. See Note 14.

(k) Expense Recognition

We do not incur costs in connection with product sales to customers that are eligible for capitalization. Advertising costs are expensed when incurred, which is generally during the month in which the advertisement is published. Advertising expenses amounted to $16,815 and $15,650 during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. All product development expenses are expensed as incurred, as are all related patent costs. We capitalize costs to produce inventory during the production cycle, and these costs are charged to costs of goods sold when the inventory is sold to a customer.

(l) Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes, which requires that we recognize a current tax liability or asset for current taxes payable or refundable and a deferred tax liability or asset for the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards to the extent they are realizable. During the second quarter of 2018, we assessed our historical and near-term future profitability and decided to record $563,252 in non-cash income tax expense to create a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets (which consist largely of net operating loss carryforwards and federal and state tax credits). At that time, we had incurred a net loss for six consecutive quarters, had not been profitable on a year-to-date basis since the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017 and projected additional net losses for some period going forward before returning to profitability. We consider future taxable income and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance at each quarter end. If we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net recorded amount over a reasonably short period of time, a reduction of the valuation allowance would increase income in the period such determination was made. Likewise, if we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax asset in the future, an increase to the valuation allowance would be charged to income in the period such determination was made.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

Codification Topic 740-10 clarifies the accounting for income taxes by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold that a tax position must meet before being recognized in the financial statements. In the ordinary course of business, there are transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. In addition, we are subject to periodic audits and examinations by the Internal Revenue Service and other taxing authorities. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2019. We have evaluated the positions taken on our filed tax returns and have concluded that no uncertain tax positions existed as of March 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable, actual results could differ from these estimates. See Note 16.

(m) Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with Codification Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which generally requires us to recognize non-cash compensation expense for stock-based payments using the fair-value-based method. The fair value of each stock option grant has been estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Accordingly, we recorded compensation expense pertaining to stock-based compensation of $54,093 and $34,629 during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(n) Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Net income (loss) per common share has been computed in accordance with Codification Topic 260-10, Earnings Per Share. The basic net income per share has been computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The diluted net income per share has been computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period, plus all outstanding stock options with an exercise price that is less than the average market price of the common stock during the period, less the number of shares that could have been repurchased at this average market price, with the proceeds from the hypothetical stock option exercises and proceeds from unrecognized compensation. The net (loss) per share has been computed by dividing the net (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. All stock options have been excluded from the denominator in the calculation of dilutive earnings per share when we are in a loss position because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Outstanding stock options that were not included in this calculation because the effect would be anti-dilutive amounted to 71,000 and 409,000 during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

	During the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31,
	2022		2021
Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders	$	735,666	$	(441,303	)

Weighted average common shares outstanding - Basic		7,742,120		7,219,436
Dilutive impact of share-based compensation awards		47,354		—
Weighted average common shares outstanding - Diluted		7,789,474		7,219,436

Income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	0.10	$	(0.06	)
Diluted	$	0.09	$	(0.06	)

(o) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Although we regularly assess these estimates, actual amounts could differ from those estimates and are subject to change in the near term. Changes in estimates are recorded during the period in which they become known. Significant estimates include our inventory valuation, valuation of goodwill and long-lived assets, valuation of deferred tax assets, accrued expenses, costs of goods sold and useful lives of intangible assets.

(p) Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The new guidance is intended to simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions and by updating accounting requirements around goodwill recognized for tax purposes and the allocation of current and deferred tax expense among legal entities, among other minor changes. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption was permitted. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have a material impact on our financial statements as of January 1, 2021.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. ASU 2020-04 is intended to provide optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or by another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The relief offered by this guidance, if adopted, is available to companies for the period March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The discontinuation of LIBOR did not have a material impact on our financial statements as of January 1, 2021.

3. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments (at amortized cost plus accrued interest) consisted of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11,817,136	$	10,185,468
Short-term investments		—		—
Total	$	11,817,136	$	10,185,468

4. TRADE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, net

Trade accounts receivable amounted to $2,652,591 and $2,694,229 as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. No allowance for bad debt and product returns was recorded as of March 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

5. INVENTORY

Inventory consisted of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Raw materials	$	1,732,628	$	971,606
Work-in-process		1,597,888		1,902,299
Finished goods		105,318		216,069
Total	$	3,435,834	$	3,089,974

6. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Prepaid expenses	$	387,393	$	268,713
Other receivables		6,147		26,484
Total	$	393,540	$	295,197

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

7. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, net

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

	Estimated Useful Lives (in years)	As of March 31, 2022			As of December 31, 2021
Laboratory and manufacturing equipment	3-10	$	17,790,623		$	17,388,757
Buildings and improvements	10-39		19,315,965			19,119,698
Office furniture and equipment	3-10		891,453			869,191
Construction in progress	n/a		3,187,950			2,992,359
Land	n/a		516,867			516,867
Property, plant and equipment, gross			41,702,858			40,886,872
Accumulated depreciation			(14,570,710	)		(13,993,273	)
Property, plant and equipment, net		$	27,132,148		$	26,893,599

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, construction in progress consisted principally of payments toward the First Defense^® production capacity expansion project and equipment needed to bring the formulation and aseptic filling for Re-Tain^® in-house. Property, plant and equipment disposals were $39,410 and $92,121 during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Depreciation expense was $616,847 and $614,695 during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

8. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets of $191,040 were valued using the relief from royalty method and are being amortized to costs of goods sold over their useful lives, which are estimated to be 10 years. Intangible amortization expense was $4,776 during both of the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The net value of these intangibles was $71,640 and $76,416 as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Intangible asset amortization expense is estimated to be $19,104 per year through December 31, 2025.

Intangible assets as of March 31, 2022 consisted of the following:

	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Developed technology	$	184,100	$	(115,063	)	$	69,037
Customer relationships		1,300		(812	)		488
Non-compete agreements		5,640		(3,525	)		2,115
Total	$	191,040	$	(119,400	)	$	71,640

Intangible assets as of December 31, 2021 consisted of the following:

	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization			Net Book Value
Developed technology	$	184,100	$	(110,460	)	$	73,640
Customer relationships		1,300		(780	)		520
Non-compete agreements		5,640		(3,384	)		2,256
Total	$	191,040	$	(114,624	)	$	76,416

9. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED EXPENSES

Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following:

	As of March 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Accounts payable – trade	$	595,904	$	726,781
Accounts payable – capital		66,163		18,263
Accrued payroll		322,033		585,939
Accrued professional fees		59,325		82,050
Accrued other		250,344		199,076
Income tax payable		—		2,141
Total	$	1,293,769	$	1,614,250

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

10. BANK DEBT

Prior to a refinancing with Gorham Savings Bank (GSB) during the first quarter of 2020, we had in place five different credit facilities and a line of credit with TD Bank N.A. (Loans #1 to #5). During the first quarter of 2020, we closed on a debt financing with GSB aggregating $8,600,000 and a $1,000,000 line of credit. The debt was comprised of a $5,100,000 mortgage note (Loan #6) that bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.50% per annum (with a 10-year term and 25-year amortization schedule and a balloon principal payment of $3,145,888 due during the first quarter of 2030) and a $3,500,000 note (Loan #7) that bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.50% per annum (with a 7-year term and amortization schedule). The line of credit is available as needed through March 11, 2024. Interest on borrowings against the line of credit is variable at the National Prime Rate plus 0.00% per annum. There was no outstanding balance under this line of credit as of March 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021. In connection with these three credit facilities, we incurred debt issuance costs of $39,789. The amortization of debt issuance costs is being recorded as a component of interest expense, included with other expenses (income), net, and is being amortized over the underlying terms of the two notes and the line of credit. The proceeds from the debt refinancing were used to repay all bank debt outstanding at the time of closing (Loans #1 to #5) and to provide some additional working capital. We were required by bank debt covenant to maintain $1,400,000 in escrow (a non-current asset). During the fourth quarter of 2020, we closed on a $1,500,000 note with GSB (Loan #10) that bears interest at a fixed rate of 3.50% per annum (with a 7-year term and amortization schedule). In connection with this note, we incurred debt issuance costs of $11,075. The amortization of these debt issuance costs is also being recorded as a component of interest expense, included with other expenses (income), net, and is being amortized over the underlying term of the note. Proceeds of $624,167 were used to prepay a portion of the outstanding principal on our mortgage note (Loan #6), which reduced the outstanding balance to 80% of the most recent appraised value of the property securing the debt, which allowed GSB to release the $1,400,000 that had been held in escrow. This resulted in no change in the balloon principal payment of $3,145,888 due during the first quarter of 2030. The remaining proceeds were available for general working capital purposes. During the first quarter of 2022, we closed on an additional $2,000,000 in mortgage debt, which bears interest at the fixed rate of 3.58% per annum. This was accomplished through an amendment of the original mortgage note (Loan #6) that increased the then outstanding principal balance from $4,233,957 to $6,233,957 bearing interest at the blended fixed rate of 3.53% per annum, with a balloon payment of $3,683,544 due during the first quarter of 2032. These three credit facilities are secured by liens on substantially all of our assets and are subject to certain restrictions and financial covenants. Given the funds we raised through an equity issuance in April 2021, GSB waived the minimum debt service coverage (DSC) ratio requirement of 1.35 for the year ended December 31, 2021. By negotiation with the bank in connection with a mortgage debt financing during the first quarter of 2022, the required minimum DSC ratio was reduced to 1.0 for the year ending December 31, 2022.

During the second quarter of 2020, we received $937,700 in support from the federal government under the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) (Loan #8). We used the proceeds only for eligible payroll costs incurred and paid during the 24-week period beginning April 13, 2020. Our obligation to repay the principal was forgiven, and we recognized this amount as part of other expenses (income), net, during the fourth quarter of 2020. This forgiveness of indebtedness, in accordance with the CARES Act and Maine law, does not give rise to federal or State of Maine taxable income, and the expenses incurred using PPP proceeds are fully deductible for federal and Maine income tax purposes.

During the second quarter of 2020, we received a loan from the Maine Technology Institute (MTI) (Loan #9) in the aggregate principal amount of $500,000. The first 27 months of this loan are interest-free with no interest accrual or required principal payments. Principal and interest payments at a fixed rate of 5% per annum are due quarterly over the final five years of the loan, beginning during the fourth quarter of 2022 and continuing through the third quarter of 2027. On June 30, 2021, we executed definitive agreements covering a second loan from the MTI (Loan #11) in the aggregate principal amount of $400,000, which proceeds were received in July 2021. The first 24 months of this loan are interest-free with no interest accrual or required principal payments. Beginning in July 2023, principal and interest payments are due quarterly at a fixed rate of 5% per annum based on a 5.5-year amortization schedule until December 2028. These credit facilities are unsecured and subordinated to our indebtedness to Gorham Savings Bank, which senior indebtedness is secured by mortgages and security interests with respect to substantially all of our assets. Failure to make timely payments of principal and interest, or otherwise to comply with the terms of the agreements with the MTI, would entitle the MTI to accelerate the maturity of such debt and demand repayment in full. These loans may be prepaid without penalty at any time.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

Debt proceeds received and principal repayments made during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 are reflected in the following table by period and by loan:

	During the Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2022					During the Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2021
	Proceeds from Debt Issuance		Debt Principal Repayments			Proceeds from Debt Issuance		Debt Principal Repayments
Loan #6	$	2,000,000	$	(30,183	)	$	—	$	(28,922	)
Loan #7		—		(118,033	)		—		(113,991	)
Loan #10		—		(49,169	)		—		(47,464	)
Total	$	2,000,000	$	(197,385	)	$	—	$	(190,377	)

Debt proceeds received and principal repayments made during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are reflected in the following table by period and by loan:

	During the Year Ended December 31, 2021					During the Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Proceeds from Debt Issuance		Debt Principal Repayments			Proceeds from Debt Issuance		Debt Principal Repayments
Loan #1	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	(493,696	)
Loan #2		—		—			—		(2,143,771	)
Loan #3		—		—			—		(3,236,429	)
Loan #4		—		—			—		(2,336,000	)
Loan #5		—		—			—		(309,182	)
Loan #6		—		(115,860	)		5,100,000		(720,001	)
Loan #7		—		(460,637	)		3,500,000		(334,489	)
Loan #8⁽¹⁾		—		—			937,700		(937,700	)
Loan #9		—		—			500,000		—
Loan #10		—		(191,774	)		1,500,000		—
Loan #11		400,000		—			—		—
Total	$	400,000	$	(768,271	)	$	11,537,700	$	(10,511,268	)

⁽¹⁾

Loan #8 was forgiven by the federal government during the fourth quarter of 2020.

Principal payments (net of debt issue costs) due under bank loans outstanding as of March 31, 2022 (excluding our $1,000,000 line of credit) are reflected in the following table by the year that payments are due:

	During the Nine-Month Period Ending December 31,			During the Years Ending December 31,
	2022			2023			2024			2025			2026			Thereafter			Total
Loan #6	$	172,626		$	223,349		$	230,891		$	239,876		$	248,604		$	5,118,611		$	6,233,957
Loan #7		359,188			494,433			512,102			530,738			549,881			140,498			2,586,840
Loan #9		22,160			91,446			96,104			101,001			106,146			83,143			500,000
Loan #10		149,540			205,878			213,217			220,994			228,965			240,463			1,259,057
Loan #11		—			32,017			66,470			69,856			73,415			158,242			400,000
Subtotal		703,514			1,047,123			1,118,784			1,162,465			1,207,011			5,740,957			10,979,854
Debt issuance costs		(5,721	)		(7,628	)		(7,219	)		(7,120	)		(7,120	)		(20,024	)		(54,832	)
Total	$	697,793		$	1,039,495		$	1,111,565		$	1,155,345		$	1,199,891		$	5,720,933		$	10,925,022

11. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS

Our bylaws, as amended, in effect provide that the Company will indemnify its officers and directors to the maximum extent permitted by Delaware law. In addition, we make similar indemnity undertakings to each director through a separate indemnification agreement with that director. The maximum payment that we may be required to make under such provisions is theoretically unlimited and is impossible to determine. We maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, which may provide reimbursement to the Company for payments made to, or on behalf of, officers and directors pursuant to the indemnification provisions. Our indemnification obligations were grandfathered under the provisions of Codification Topic 460, Guarantees. Accordingly, we have recorded no liability for such obligations as of March 31, 2022. Since our incorporation, we have had no occasion to make any indemnification payment to any of our officers or directors for any reason.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

The development, manufacturing and marketing of animal health care products entails an inherent risk that liability claims will be asserted against us during the normal course of business. We are aware of no such claims against us as of the date of this filing. We feel that we have reasonable levels of liability insurance to support our operations.

We enter into agreements with third parties in the ordinary course of business under which we are obligated to indemnify such third parties from and against various risks and losses. The precise terms of such indemnities vary with the nature of the agreement. In many cases, we limit the maximum amount of our indemnification obligations, but in some cases those obligations may be theoretically unlimited. We have not incurred material expenses in discharging any of these indemnification obligations and based on our analysis of the nature of the risks involved, we believe that the fair value of the liabilities potentially arising under these agreements is minimal. Accordingly, we have recorded no liabilities for such obligations as of March 31, 2022.

We plan to purchase certain key parts (syringes) and services (formulation, aseptic filling and final packaging of Drug Product) pertaining to Re-Tain^®, our Nisin-based intramammary treatment of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows, exclusively from contractors. We are investing in the necessary equipment to perform the Drug Product formulation and aseptic filling services in-house.

Effective March 25, 2020, the Company entered into a Severance Agreement with Mr. Brigham, under which the Company agreed to pay this executive (or his estate) 75% of his then current salary plus any accrued and unused paid time off in the event of the involuntary termination of his employment by the Company (except for cause) or in the event of termination by him for good reason. Effective March 28, 2022, the Company entered into an amended and restated Separation and Deferred Compensation Agreement (the “Deferred Compensation Agreement”) with Mr. Brigham that superseded and replaced in its entirely the March 2020 contract discussed above, and the Company entered into an Incentive Compensation Agreement (the “Incentive Agreement”) with Mr. Brigham. Mr. Brigham’s Deferred Compensation Agreement allows Mr. Brigham to receive up to an additional $300,000 in deferred compensation and to be paid all earned and unused paid time off upon separation from the Company for any reason. This deferred compensation payment vests as to $100,000 on January 1, 2023, as to an additional $100,000 on January 1, 2024 and as to the final $100,000 on January 1, 2025, provided that Mr. Brigham is employed by the Company on the applicable vesting date. In addition, upon termination of Mr. Brigham’s employment (a) by the Company other than for cause, (b) due to death or disability or (c) by Mr. Brigham for good reason, the Company agrees to pay Mr. Brigham 100% of his then current base salary. Mr. Brigham’s Incentive Agreement provides for the potential to earn up to an additional $150,000 if certain regulatory and financial objectives are achieved during 2022. Under these contract amendments, Mr. Brigham continues to serve the Company as President and CEO.

In addition to the commitments discussed above, we had committed $940,000 to increase our production capacity for the First Defense^® product line, $406,000 to construct and equip our own Drug Product formulation and aseptic filling facility for Re-Tain^®, $2,461,000 to the purchase of inventory, $207,000 to other capital expenditures and $376,000 to other obligations as of March 31, 2022.

12. OPERATING LEASE

On September 12, 2019, we entered into a lease covering approximately 14,300 square feet of office and warehouse space with a possession date of November 15, 2019 and a commencement date of February 13, 2020. The property is located at 175 Industrial Way in Portland, which is a short distance from our headquarters and manufacturing facility at 56 Evergreen Drive. We renovated this space to meet our needs in expanding our production capacity for the First Defense^® product line. The lease term is 10 years with a right to renew for a second 10-year term and a right of first offer to purchase. At this time, we are not reasonably assured that we would exercise this renewal option in place of other real estate options. A 10-year period is reflected in the right-of-use (ROU) asset and lease liability on our balance sheet. The total lease liability over the initial 10-year term (including inflationary adjustments) aggregates approximately $1,313,698 and includes real estate and personal property taxes, utilities, insurance, maintenance and related building and operating expenses. Our lease includes variable lease and non-lease components that are included in the ROU asset and lease liability. Such payments primarily include common area maintenance charges and increases in rent payments that are driven by factors such as future changes in an index, such as the Consumer Price Index. As of March 31, 2022, the balance of the operating lease ROU asset was $1,078,051 and the operating lease liability was $1,108,166. The calculated amount of the ROU asset and lease liability is impacted by the length of the lease term and the discount rate used for the present value of the minimum lease payments. As we elected not to separate lease and non-lease components for all classes of underlying assets, and instead to account for them as a single lease component, the variable lease cost primarily represents variable payments such as real estate taxes and common area maintenance.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

The following tables describe our lease costs and other lease information.

	During the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Lease Cost
Operating lease cost	$	29,991		$	29,499
Variable lease cost		10,350			10,350
Total lease cost	$	40,341		$	39,849

Operating Lease
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)		7.8			8.8
Weighted average discount rate		4.77	%		4.77	%

	During the Years Ended December 31,
	2021			2020
Lease Cost
Operating lease cost	$	117,996		$	104,094
Variable lease cost		41,400			36,523
Total lease cost	$	159,396		$	140,617

Operating Lease
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)		8.1			9.1
Weighted average discount rate		4.77	%		4.77	%

Future lease payments required under non-cancelable operating leases in effect as of March 31, 2022 were as follows:

	Amount
During the nine-month period ending December 31, 2022	$	121,577
During the Years Ending December 31,
2023		165,120
2024		168,210
2025		171,383
2026		174,640
Thereafter		559,664
Total lease payments (undiscounted cash flows)		1,360,594
Less: imputed interest (discount effect of cash flows)		(252,428	)
Total operating liabilities	$	1,108,166

13. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Common Stock Issuances

From February 2016 to April 2021, we issued the aggregate of 4,553,017 shares of common stock in six different transactions raising gross proceeds of approximately $26,714,000 at the weighted average price of $5.87 per share. These funds have been essential to funding our business growth plans. The details of each transaction are discussed below.

On October 28, 2015, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-207635) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for the potential issuance of up to $10,000,000 in equity securities (subject to certain limitations). This registration statement became effective on November 10, 2015. Under this form of registration statement, we were limited within a twelve-month period to raising gross proceeds of no more than one-third of the market capitalization of our common stock (as determined by the high price of our common stock within the preceding 60 days leading up to a sale of securities) held by non-affiliates (non-insiders) of the Company. Having raised $10,000,000 in gross proceeds under the February 2016, July 2017 and December 2017 equity transactions described below, no additional equity securities can be issued under this registration statement.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

On February 3, 2016, we sold 1,123,810 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $5.25 per share in an underwritten public offering pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, raising gross proceeds of approximately $5,900,000 and resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $5,313,000 (after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses incurred in connection with the equity financing).

On October 21, 2016, we closed on a private placement of 659,880 shares of common stock to nineteen institutional and accredited investors at $5.25 per share, raising gross proceeds of approximately $3,464,000 and resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $3,161,000 (after deducting placement agent fees and other expenses incurred in connection with the equity financing).

On July 27, 2017, we issued 200,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $5.25 per share in a public, registered sale to two related investors pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, raising gross proceeds of $1,050,000 and resulting in net proceeds of approximately $1,034,000 (after deducting expenses incurred in connection with the equity financing).

On December 21, 2017, we sold 417,807 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $7.30 per share in an underwritten public offering pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, raising gross proceeds of approximately $3,050,000 and resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $2,734,000 (after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses incurred in connection with the equity financing).

On November 20, 2018, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-228479) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for the potential issuance of up to $20,000,000 in equity securities (subject to certain limitations). This registration statement became effective on November 29, 2018. Under this form of registration statement, we were limited within a twelve-month period to raising gross proceeds of no more than one-third of the market capitalization of our common stock (as determined by the high price of our common stock within the preceding 60 days leading up to a sale of securities) held by non-affiliates (non-insiders) of the Company. Under SEC rules governing this form of registration statement, this registration statement expired upon the third anniversary of its effectiveness.

On March 29, 2019, we sold 1,636,364 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $5.50 per share in an underwritten public offering pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, raising gross proceeds of approximately $9,000,000 and resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $8,303,000 (after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses incurred in connection with the equity financing).

On April 14, 2021, we issued 515,156 shares of our common stock at a price of $8.25 per share in a public, registered sale to seven investors pursuant to our effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, raising gross proceeds of approximately $4,250,000 and resulting in net proceeds of approximately $4,233,000 (after deducting expenses incurred in connection with the equity financing).

Stock Option Plans

In June 2010, our stockholders approved the 2010 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”) pursuant to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, under which employees and certain service providers may be granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at no less than fair market value on the date of grant. At that time, 300,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2010 Plan and subsequently no additional shares have been reserved for the 2010 Plan. Vesting requirements are determined by the Compensation and Stock Option Committee of the Board of Directors on a case-by-case basis. All options granted under the 2010 Plan expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant. The 2010 Plan expired in June 2020, after which date no further options can be granted under the 2010 Plan. However, options outstanding under the 2010 Plan at that time can be exercised in accordance with their terms. As of March 31, 2022, there were 217,500 options outstanding under the 2010 Plan.

In June 2017, our stockholders approved the 2017 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”) pursuant to the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, under which employees and certain service providers may be granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at no less than fair market value on the date of grant. At that time, 300,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan and subsequently no additional shares have been reserved for the 2017 Plan. A proposal to increase the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan by 350,000 shares from 300,000 shares to 650,000 shares is subject to approval by a vote of stockholders at the 2022 annual meeting of stockholders to be held in June 2022. Vesting requirements are determined by the Compensation and Stock Option Committee of the Board of Directors on a case-by-case basis. All options granted under the 2017 Plan expire no later than 10 years from the date of grant. The 2017 Plan expires in March 2027, after which date no further options can be granted under the 2017 Plan. However, options outstanding under the 2017 Plan at that time can be exercised in accordance with their terms. As of March 31, 2022, there were 279,500 options outstanding under the 2017 Plan. Additionally, contingent grants aggregating 53,500 shares have been made to 47 full-time employees and 5 part-time employees, subject to approval by stockholders of the proposal to increase shares reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan, described above. If this amendment is not approved, these contingent grants will become null and void.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

Activity under the stock option plans described above was as follows:

	2010 Plan			2017 Plan			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value⁽¹⁾
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019		255,000			133,500		$	6.48	$	(516,475	)
Grants		7,000			93,000		$	5.03
Terminations/forfeitures		(12,000	)		(50,000	)	$	5.45
Exercises		(12,500	)		—		$	3.15
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020		237,500			176,500		$	6.38	$	(180,038	)
Grants		—			86,000		$	9.78
Terminations/forfeitures		(12,000	)		(20,000	)	$	7.26
Exercises		(7,000	)		(18,000	)	$	7.08
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021		218,500			224,500		$	6.94	$	468,425
Grants		—			57,000		$	8.17
Terminations/forfeitures		—			(2,000	)	$	4.25
Exercises		(1,000	)		—		$	5.84
Outstanding as of March 31, 2022		217,500			279,500		$	7.10	$	1,269,335
Vested as of March 31, 2022		183,500			98,500		$	6.78	$	808,490
Vested and expected to vest as of March 31, 2022		217,500			279,500		$	7.10	$	1,269,335
Reserved for future grants		—			2,500

⁽¹⁾

Intrinsic value is the difference between the fair market value of the underlying common stock as of the date indicated and as of the date of the option grant (which is equal to the option exercise price).

The following table displays additional information about the stock option plans described above:

	Number of Shares		Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant Date		Weighted Average Exercise Price
Non-vested stock options as of January 1, 2022		160,000	$	3.36	$	7.23
Non-vested stock options as of March 31, 2022		215,000	$	3.61	$	7.51
Stock options granted during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022		57,000	$	4.26	$	8.17
Stock options that vested during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022		—	$	—	$	—
Stock options that were forfeited during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022		2,000	$	2.16	$	4.25

During the three-month period ended March 31, 2022, one former employee exercised stock options covering 1,000 shares with $5,840 in cash. During the year ended December 31, 2021, one director and three employees exercised stock options covering 25,000 shares by the surrender of 17,128 shares of common stock with a fair market value of $165,337 at the time of exercise and the payment of $11,693 in cash.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

The weighted average remaining life of the options outstanding under the 2010 Plan and the 2017 Plan as of March 31, 2022 was approximately 5 years and 4 months. The weighted average remaining life of the options exercisable under these plans as of March 31, 2022 was approximately 4 years. The exercise prices of the options outstanding as of March 31, 2022 ranged from $4.00 to $10.04 per share. The 86,000 stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2021 had exercise prices between $6.10 and $10.04 per share. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022 and the year ended December 31, 2021 approximated $2,480 and $64,977, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair values of options granted during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022 and the year ended December 31, 2021 were $4.26 and $4.51 per share, respectively. As of March 31, 2022, total unrecognized stock-based compensation related to non-vested stock options aggregated $533,895, which will be recognized over a weighted average remaining period of 1 year and 11 months. The fair value of each stock option grant has been estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, for the purpose discussed in Note 2(m), with the following weighted-average assumptions:

	During the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Risk-free interest rate		1.63	%		0.43	%
Dividend yield		0	%		0	%
Expected volatility		52	%		53	%
Expected life		6.5 years			6.5 years

The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields for a maturity approximating the expected option term, while the other assumptions are derived from averages of our historical data.

Common Stock Rights Plan

In September 1995, our Board of Directors adopted a Common Stock Rights Plan (the “Rights Plan”) and declared a dividend of one common share purchase right (a “Right”) for each of the then outstanding shares of the common stock of the Company. Each Right entitles the registered holder to purchase from the Company one share of common stock at an initial purchase price of $70.00 per share, subject to adjustment. The description and terms of the Rights are set forth in a Rights Agreement between the Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Co., as Rights Agent.

The Rights (as amended) become exercisable and transferable apart from the common stock upon the earlier of i) 10 days following a public announcement that a person or group (Acquiring Person) has, without the prior consent of the Continuing Directors (as such term is defined in the Rights Agreement), acquired beneficial ownership of 20% or more of the outstanding common stock or ii) 10 days following commencement of a tender offer or exchange offer the consummation of which would result in ownership by a person or group of 20% or more of the outstanding common stock (the earlier of such dates being called the Distribution Date).

Upon the Distribution Date, the holder of each Right not owned by the Acquiring Person would be entitled to purchase common stock at a discount to the initial purchase price of $70.00 per share, effectively equal to one half of the market price of a share of common stock on the date the Acquiring Person becomes an Acquiring Person. If, after the Distribution Date, the Company should consolidate or merge with any other entity and the Company were not the surviving company, or, if the Company were the surviving company, all or part of the Company’s common stock were changed or exchanged into the securities of any other entity, or if more than 50% of the Company’s assets or earning power were sold, each Right would entitle its holder to purchase, at the Rights’ then-current purchase price, a number of shares of the acquiring company’s common stock having a market value at that time equal to twice the Right’s exercise price.

At any time after a person or group becomes an Acquiring Person and prior to the acquisition by such person or group of 50% or more of the outstanding common stock, the Board of Directors of the Company may exchange the Rights (other than Rights owned by such person or group which have become void), in whole or in part, at an exchange ratio of one share of common stock per Right (subject to adjustment). At any time prior to 14 days following the date that any person or group becomes an Acquiring Person (subject to extension by the Board of Directors), the Board of Directors of the Company may redeem the then outstanding Rights in whole, but not in part, at a price of $0.005 per Right, subject to adjustment.

At various times over the years, our Board of Directors has voted to authorize amendments of the Rights Agreement to extend the Final Expiration Date, which is currently September 19, 2022. Our Board of Directors has decided to seek an advisory vote by stockholders at the 2022 annual meeting of stockholders to be held in June 2022, as to whether to extend the Rights Plan by one year to September 19, 2023. Our Board of Directors intends to be guided by the votes actually cast on this proposal in deciding whether to extend the expiration date by one year. During the third quarter of 2011, our Board of Directors voted to authorize an amendment to increase the ownership threshold for determining “Acquiring Person” status to 20%. During the second quarter of 2015, our Board of Directors also voted to authorize an amendment to remove a provision that prevented a new group of directors elected following the emergence of an Acquiring Person (an owner of more than 20% of our stock) from controlling the Rights Plan by maintaining exclusive authority over the Rights Plan with pre-existing directors. We did this because such provisions have come to be viewed with disfavor by Delaware courts. Each time that we made such amendments we entered into amendments to the Rights Agreement with the Rights Agent reflecting such extensions, threshold increases or provision changes. No other changes have been made to the terms of the Rights or the Rights Agreement.

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

Authorized Common Stock

At the June 14, 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, our stockholders voted to approve an amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance from 8,000,000 to 11,000,000. At the June 10, 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, our stockholders voted to approve an amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance from 11,000,000 to 15,000,000.

14. REVENUE

We primarily offer the First Defense^® product line to dairy and beef producers to prevent scours in newborn calves. Generally, our products are promoted to veterinarians as well as dairy and beef producers by our sales team and then sold through distributors. Our primary market is North America. We do sell into select international regions and may expand this international reach in the future. There were no material changes between the allocation and timing of revenue recognition during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022 or the year ended December 31, 2021. We do not have any contract assets for which we have satisfied the performance obligations, but do not yet have the right to bill for, or contract liabilities such as customer advances. All trade receivables on our balance sheets are from contracts with customers. We incur no material costs to obtain contracts.

The following tables present our product sales disaggregated by geographic area:

	During the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31,											During the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		%			2021			%			2021		%			2020		%
United States	$	5,515,749		92	%	$	3,580,516			87	%	$	16,620,363		86	%	$	13,644,768		89	%
Other		483,935		8	%		526,630			13	%		2,622,606		14	%		1,697,436		11	%
Total Product Sales	$	5,999,684		100	%	$	4,107,146	`		100	%	$	19,242,969		100	%	$	15,342,204		100	%

The following tables present our product sales disaggregated by major product category:

	During the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31,										During the Years Ended December 31,
	2022		%			2021		%			2021		%			2020		%
First Defense^®product line	$	5,962,875		99	%	$	4,023,471		98	%	$	18,933,092		98	%	$	15,072,446		98	%
Other animal health		36,809		1	%		83,675		2	%		309,877		2	%		269,758		2	%
Total Product Sales	$	5,999,684		100	%	$	4,107,146		100	%	$	19,242,969		100	%	$	15,342,204		100	%

15. OTHER EXPENSES, NET

Other expenses (income), net, consisted of the following:

	During the Three-Month Periods Ended March 31,
	2022			2021
Interest expense⁽¹⁾	$	75,214		$	79,635
Gain on disposal of fixed assets		(11,000	)		(10,000	)
Interest income		(7,188	)		(2,957	)
Income - other		(852	)		—
Other expenses (income), net	$	56,174		$	66,678

⁽¹⁾

Interest expense included amortization of debt issuance costs of $1,905 and $1,960 during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

16. INCOME TAXES

Our income tax expense aggregated $1,148 and $0 (amounting to 0.2% and 0% of our income (loss) before income taxes) during the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $14,734,684 of which $13,022,777 do not expire and of which $1,711,907 expire in 2034 through 2037 (if not utilized before then) and state net operating loss carryforwards of $1,440,707 that expire in 2037 through 2038 (if not utilized before then). Additionally, we had federal general business tax credit carryforwards of $557,795 that expire in 2027 through 2042 (if not utilized before then) and state tax credit carryforwards of $775,473 that expire in 2022 through 2042 (if not utilized before then).

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between book and tax treatment of assets and liabilities and carryforwards to the extent they are realizable. During the second quarter of 2018, we assessed our historical and near-term future profitability and recorded $563,252 in non-cash income tax expense to create a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets (which consist largely of net operating loss carryforwards and federal and state credits) based on applicable accounting standards and practices. At that time, we had incurred a net loss for six consecutive quarters, had not been profitable on a year-to-date basis since the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017 and projected additional net losses for some period going forward before returning to profitability. Should future profitability be realized at an adequate level, we would be able to release this valuation allowance (resulting in a non-cash income tax benefit) and realize these deferred tax assets before they expire. We will continue to assess the need for the valuation allowance at each quarter and, in the event that actual results differ from these estimates, or we adjust these estimates in future periods, we may need to adjust our valuation allowance. Adjustments related to the termination of our interest rate swap agreements were recorded during the first quarter of 2020. No subsequent adjustments were recorded.

Net operating loss carryforwards, credits, and other tax attributes are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code contains provisions that could place annual limitations on the future utilization of net operating loss carryforwards and credits in the event of a change in ownership of the Company, as defined.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and several state jurisdictions. We currently have no tax examinations in progress. We also have not paid additional taxes, interest or penalties as a result of tax examinations nor do we have any unrecognized tax benefits for any of the periods in the accompanying unaudited financial statements.

17. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Our business operations (being the development, acquisition, manufacture and sale of products that improve the health and productivity of dairy and beef cattle) are described in Note 1. Pursuant to Codification Topic 280, Segment Reporting, we operate in the following two reportable business segments: i) First Defense^® and ii) Re-Tain^®. The category we define as “Other” includes unallocated administrative and overhead expenses and other products excluding First Defense^® and Re-Tain^®. The significant accounting policies of these segments are described in Note 2. Product sales are the primary factor we use in determining our reportable segments. The governing regulatory authority (USDA or FDA) is also a factor in determining our reportable segments. Management monitors and evaluates segment performance from sales to net operating income (loss) closely. We are not organized by geographic region. No segments have been aggregated. The revenues and expenses allocated to each segment are in some cases direct and in other cases involve reasonable and consistent estimations by management. Each operating segment is defined as the component of our business for which financial information is available and evaluated regularly by our chief operating decision-maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our chief operating decision-maker is our President and CEO.

	During the Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2022
	First Defense^®		Re-Tain^®			Other			Total
Product sales	$	5,962,875	$	—		$	36,809		$	5,999,684
Costs of goods sold		2,852,329		—			44,132			2,896,461
Gross margin		3,110,546		—			(7,323	)		3,103,223

OPERATING EXPENSES:
Product development expenses		8,416		982,129			45,390			1,035,935
Sales and marketing expenses		418,667		392,833			—			811,500
Administrative expenses		—		—			462,800			462,800
Operating activities		427,083		1,374,962			508,190			2,310,235

NET OPERATING INCOME (LOSS)	$	2,683,463	$	(1,374,962	)	($	515,513	)	$	792,988

ImmuCell Corporation
Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements (continued)

	During the Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2021
	First Defense^®		Re-Tain^®			Other			Total
Product sales	$	4,023,471	$	—		$	83,675		$	4,107,146
Costs of goods sold		2,452,159		—			52,799			2,504,958
Gross margin		1,571,312		—			30,876			1,602,188

OPERATING EXPENSES:
Product development expenses		7,518		968,254			55,292			1,031,064
Sales and marketing expenses		431,153		89,214			230			520,597
Administrative expenses		—		—			425,152			425,152
Operating activities		438,671		1,057,468			480,674			1,976,813

NET OPERATING INCOME (LOSS)	$	1,132,641	$	(1,057,468	)	$	(449,798	)	$	(374,625	)

	First Defense^®		Re-Tain^®		Total
Total Assets as of March 31, 2022	$	24,674,596	$	22,024,900	$	46,699,496
Total Assets as of March 31, 2021	$	17,688,025	$	21,933,437	$	39,621,462
Depreciation and amortization expense during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022	$	308,710	$	314,818	$	623,528
Depreciation and amortization expense during the three-month period ended March 31, 2021	$	264,428	$	357,003	$	621,431
Capital Expenditures during the three-month period ended March 31, 2022	$	740,467	$	67,029	$	807,496
Capital Expenditures during the three-month period ended March 31, 2021	$	349,316	$	—	$	349,316

	During the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	First Defense^®		Re-Tain^®			Other			Total
Product sales	$	18,933,092	$	—		$	309,877		$	19,242,969
Costs of goods sold		10,411,936		—			175,104			10,587,040
Gross margin		8,521,156		—			134,773			8,655,929

OPERATING EXPENSES:
Product development expenses		25,374		3,887,781			255,363			4,168,518
Sales and marketing expenses		1,942,391		561,288			247			2,503,926
Administrative expenses		—		—			1,726,100			1,726,100
Operating expenses		1,967,765		4,449,069			1,981,710			8,398,544

NET OPERATING INCOME (LOSS)	$	6,553,391	$	(4,449,069	)	$	(1,846,937	)	$

SEC Form 10-Q filed by ImmuCell Corporation